The Round Temple in the Forum Boarium

1960 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Strong ◽  
J. B. Ward-Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Definitive Solution ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
The Temple ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Ancient Remains

The name and date of the little round temple in the Forum Boarium at Rome (popularly known as the ‘Temple of Vesta’) are long-standing problems of Roman topography. Its identification is still quite uncertain. On the chronology, however, general opinion seems to have hardened and, for reasons which are discussed below, most scholars appear now to believe that the building is Augustan, rejecting the attractive theory of Altmann and Delbrueck that it was erected some time in the later second century B.C. The present article is not concerned at all with the problem of identification, nor does it attempt the full and detailed study of the design and construction without which a definitive solution of the problem of dating is clearly impossible. Its purpose is twofold: to draw attention to some significant features of the architectural design and decoration, and to illustrate and discuss some surviving fragments which can be shown to belong to the lost entablture, but which seem hitherto to have escaped attention.The foundations of the temple were first exposed by Valadier in the early nineteenth century, in the course of restoration work undertaken to free the building of later accretions and to consolidate the ancient remains.

scholarly journals Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855): A predecessor of Max Schweidler?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-270
Author(s):  
Susanne Wagini ◽  
Katrin Holzherr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Conservation History ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paper Conservation

Abstract The restorer Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855), famous in the early nineteenth century, has long fallen into oblivion. A recent discovery of his work associated with old master prints at the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München has allowed a close study of his methods and skills as well as those of his pupil Ludwig Albert von Montmorillon (1794–1854), providing a fresh perspective on the early history of paper conservation. Von Hermann’s method of facsimile inserts was praised by his contemporaries, before Max Schweidler (1885–1953) described these methods in 1938. The present article provides biographical notes on both nineteenth century restorers, gives examples of prints treated by them and adds a chapter of conservation history crediting them with a place in the history of the discipline. In summary, this offers a surprising insight on how works of art used to be almost untraceably restored by this team of Munich-based restorers more than 150 years before Schweidler.

Event and Portent: the Fall of Old Oyo, a Problem in Historical Explanation

Africa ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Main Issue ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Explanation ◽  
Covering Law ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphExplanation, or the identification and assessment of the causes of events and situations, occupies the central place in nearly all historical writing in the present century. It is also the aspect of history which is most keenly debated by philosophers, and is the main issue today in the unending, wearisome, but seemingly inescapable controversy as to whether history belongs, or belongs more, with the sciences or with the humanities. The scientific or positivist school, numbering among its recent exponents Popper and Gardiner, emphasizes the extent to which historical explanation attains a regularity akin to, though not identical with, that found in the physical and other sciences, Hempel adding the contention that such explanation can always, and often should, be reduced to a ‘covering law’, or single universal statement subsuming the whole explanation. The idealists, among whom Croce, Collingwood, and most recently Oakeshott are prominent, stress conversely the uniqueness of history, and Dray has reinforced their position by his attack on the covering law thesis. The debate is one in which historians themselves have taken little part, and African historians none at all, despite its crucial importance for almost every aspect of their profession. Yet it is a debate which needs continuous illustration from the historiographical process, a need which historians are best able to meet. The aim of the present article is to contribute to the debate by examining as a problem in historical explanation the fall of Oyo, the powerful state of the northern Yoruba, in the early nineteenth century.

Recusants in the Spanish Inquisition

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek W. Lomax
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Central Spain ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Spanish Soil ◽  
General Opinion

As is well known, the Spanish Inquisition was originally established to investigate suspected cases of reversion to Judaism by baptised Spaniards, but in the century of the Reformation it naturally came to extend its jurisdiction over heretics of all kinds, native and foreign; and many English Protestants who landed on Spanish soil were dismayed to find themselves the objects of its attention. Most of them were sailors or merchants, visiting willingly or by accident those Spanish territories which fell under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition Court in the Canary Islands, some details of which have already been published. The records of this court survived the massive destruction of Inquisition archives in the early nineteenth century; so too did the records of the court at Toledo, which had jurisdiction over most of Central Spain, and which despite its inland position also found itself dealing with a number of Lutherans, Calvinists and Anglicans. In view of the general opinion that Calvinism represented a tougher line in the Reformation, it is interesting to see that all the Calvinists and Anglicans accepted reconciliation with the papacy, while most of the Lutherans resisted the pressures of the Inquisition and were condemned.

Conjunctural poor and structural poor: some preliminary considerations on poverty, the life-cycle and economic crisis in early-nineteenth-century Italy

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Subacchi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Structural Poor

Cet article traite des concepts de la pauvreté (c.à.d. de la condition de ceux qui, faute de biens ou d'un capital, sont obligés de travailler pour gagner leur vie) et de l'indigence (qui est l'état de quiconque est dans l'impossibilité de pourvoir aux besoins de sa famille). Les nombreuses baisses et crises de l'économie préindustrielle et les privations au cours de la vie sont responsables de la détérioration périodique du niveau de vie des personnes dont la subsistance dépend uniquement de leur travail. A la suite de Gutton, auteur de La Société et les pauvres en Europe (XVI-XVII siècles) (Paris, 1974), ces personnes sont définies comme pauvres conjoncturaux d'une part, parce qu'ils sont périodiquement exposés à la chute en dessous de l'indigence. D'autre part, des circonstances individuelles telles qu'une maladie permanente et le grand âge vient à causer une pauvreté structurelle, acceptée ensuite comme une situation permanente. Le présent article examine les définitions de la pauvreté tant conjoncturale que structurelle au départ d'une étude d'un cas spécifique; il prend également en considération la mesure dans laquelle les dimensions de chacun des deux types de pauvreté sont modifiées par les restrictions au cours de la vie, par les fluctuations économiques et par les situations individuelles.

scholarly journals Architecture and Living Traditions Reflected in Wooden Rafters of Śrīvilliputtūr Temple

1970 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 229-266
Author(s):  
Deepak John Mathew ◽  
Parthiban Rajukalidoss
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Architectural Drawings ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
South Asian Art ◽  
The Temple

The present article cursorily examines the wooden images set in exterior hall of the Vaṭapatraśāyī complex. The temple priests told me these images were part of an old temple car, tēr that existed in the nineteenth century. A collection of 135 wooden sculptures is packed in this hall of which select specimens are reported. Each image is supposed to be housed in a vimāna. The unique features of the images vis-à-vis their architectural setting is investigated. It is understood the different Mūrtis appearing in the sculptural illustrations are likely to represent the presiding gods of Vaiṣṇava divyadeśas at Śrīvilliputtūr, Māliruñcōlai, Araṅkam/Śrīraṅgam, Vēṅkaṭam/Tirumala-Tirupati, Dvārakā, Śālagrāma and so on. The vimāna typologies seem to represent the models popular in South Asian art. Architectural drawing of the examined specimens is designed to facilitate better understanding of the religious traditions of the Indian subcontinent. Parthiban’s doctoral thesis on the architectural setting of the Śrīvilliputtūr includes a survey of the sculptural wealth of the Great Temple (Tamil peruṅkōyil) dedicated to Āṇṭāḷ and Vaṭapatraśāyī. A number of architectural drawings are presented to pinpoint the programme of images within the macro twin-temple and the micro maṇḍapas or other parts where icons are accommodated.

Shrine, Images, and Power: The Worship of Former Worthies in Early Nineteenth Century Suzhou

T oung Pao ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-195
Author(s):  
Seunghyun Han
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Elite ◽  
Building Activity ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
Xixe Siècle

AbstractIn the 1820s, the literati of Suzhou embarked on a project to build a shrine devoted to the worship of local former worthies and engraved almost six hundred portraits of the latter on the shrine's inner walls. Since the locality already had a paired shrine of eminent officials and local worthies, as had become the case across the empire since the mid-Ming period, why did they need to create a shrine of a similar nature? What was the cultural significance of introducing visual representations of the worthies in the worship? By analyzing the multiple layers of meaning surrounding this shrine-building activity, the present study attempts to illuminate an aspect of the changing state-elite relations in the early nineteenth century. Au cours des années 1820 les lettrés de Suzhou s'engagèrent dans un projet de construction d'un sanctuaire dédié au culte des anciennes personnalités locales éminentes, sur les murs duquel furent gravés les portraits de près de six cents d'entre elles. Dans la mesure, où Suzhou possédait déjà deux sanctuaires, l'un pour les fonctionnaires éminents et l'autre pour les personnalités locales, comme c'était le cas partout dans l'Empire depuis le milieu des Ming, pourquoi fut-il jugé nécessaire d'en créer un autre de même nature? Que signifiait d'un point de vue culturel le fait d'introduire des représentations visuelles des personnalités en question dans les célébrations? En analysant les niveaux de sens multiples qui entourent cette activité de construction, le présent article s'efforce de mettre en lumière un aspect particulier du changement dans les relations entre l'État et les élites au début du xixe siècle.

scholarly journals Daya Tarik Arsitektur Bangunan Wat Arun Di Bangkok Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Aminah
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Buddhist Temple ◽  
Chao Phraya River ◽  
The Temple

Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok has many tourist attractions. One of them the famous is Wat Arun "Temple of Dawn" is a Buddhist temple (wat) in Bangkok Yai district of Bangkok, Thailand, on the Thonburi west bank of the Chao Phraya River. The temple derives its name from the Hindu god Aruna, often personified as the radiations of the rising sun. Wat Arun is among the best known of Thailand's landmarks and the first light of the morning reflects off the surface of the temple with pearly iridescence. Although the temple had existed since at least the seventeenth century, its distinctive prang (spires) were built in the early nineteenth century during the reign of King Rama II.

scholarly journals Domesticating the Child: Maternal Responses to Hereditary Discourse in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pellerito
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Alternate Version ◽  
The One ◽  
Maternal Responses ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Erasmus Darwin

This article examines the early nineteenth century connections between human, animal and plant by placing Erasmus Darwin’s The Botanic Garden (1791) and The Temple of Nature (1803) in conversation with Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). I argue that the Romantic versions of heredity described in Darwin’s poetry tended to reinscribe traditional gender roles. Brontë’s Tenant, on the other hand, revises earlier notions of heredity and motherhood via Helen Huntingdon, the wife of an alcoholic who tries to prevent her son from activating his genetic taint. By reconfiguring the supposedly natural connections between patriarchal inheritance of the land on the one hand and biological traits on the other, and by reclaiming and reinscribing popular metaphors of breeding, Anne Brontë’s female protagonist creates and attempts to implement a maternalist version of heredity while remaining entrenched within the nineteenth-century cult of motherhood. Whereas the Romantic and romanticized poetry of Erasmus Darwin and his contemporaries’ approach to natural history bestowed human characteristics on plants in order to make their reproduction more comprehensible, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall does the opposite. Without a satisfactory framework in place to express the anxieties surrounding human heredity, Brontë turns the tables on the metaphor and applies the language of breeding and agriculture to a human child. In doing so, she creates an alternate version of heredity based on maternal strength and power rather than one predicated upon patriarchal structures of kinship and economic inheritance.

The Second Century Papers—Looking Ahead in Aeronautics

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (685) ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
John E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Control Space ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Navigation Control ◽  
Aeronautical Science ◽  
Education And Law

Summary This paper introduces the series of Second Century papers which will appear in the Journal during 1968. The reasons which led the Publications Committee to arrange this series is explained and the authors and the titles of their papers are listed. The papers consider possible changes in aeronautical science, engineering and operations from now until a century ahead on many topics including Propulsion, Aerodynamics, Computing, Navigation, Control, Space Flight, Hovercraft, Aeronautical Education and Law for Aerospace. This paper sets the scene for the others by reviewing how the aeronautical future looked to Cayley in the early nineteenth century, to those attending the 1893 International Conference, to Lanchester, Thurston and Roxbee Cox. The changing nature of forecasting is illustrated by the Lockheed SST market study of 1965 which is given as an example of present-day predictive techniques using computers.

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