Imaging the Golden Age: the coinage of Antoninus Pius

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 211-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
Broad Understanding

Given that few ancient accounts of the reign of Antoninus Pius survive from antiquity, other monuments, in particular coinage, become important in reconstructing his reign. In this article coin hoards are used to reconstruct a quantitative understanding of Pius's numismatic imagery. It is clear from the results that the three different coin metals (gold, silver and aes) differed in their messages: while gold coinage emphasized the imperial family and the concept of pietas, silver and aes coinage focused on the emperor's concern for the grain supply (annona). This broad understanding of Pius's numismatic image is supplemented by more detailed analysis of coin iconography in particular years. The liberalitas and Britannia series of Pius are explored in depth. The study highlights coinage's role as one imperial monument among many, contributing to the communication of imperial ideologies. It is clear that the image of Pius as a virtuous emperor ruling in a ‘Golden Age’ was one cultivated by the imperial bureaucracy, and so it is not surprising that the concept features in the preserved texts. The long-term impact of Pius's coinage is also considered. In the absence of significant quantities of aes coinage struck by the Severans, the coinage of Pius continued to be of importance in many regions throughout the third century, conveying impressions of Empire among users well after the emperor's death.

Imperial Monetary Policy and Social Reaction in Third Century Rome

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Kallmes
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
Social Reaction

Abstract In the third century AD, under the pressure of plagues, external invasion, rising army costs, and usurpation, the Roman emperors incrementally debased the silver coinage that was produced at their imperial mints and incrementally took over civic mints. The debasement, from 2.7 g of silver to 0.04 g of silver in the equivalent of a denarius from 160–274 ad, was accompanied by worries from emperors, mint-workers, and bankers about the value of the currency; however, the total loss of purchasing power of the Roman coinage from the same era was 50–70 %, far less than would be expected from the change in metallic content, if it were the primary source of value. The currency reform of Aurelian in 274 ad, despite raising metallic values of coins, was followed by at least a 90 % reduction in the purchasing power of the silver coinage from 274–301 ad, the year of Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices, showing a paradoxically inverse relationship between metallic value and purchasing power. Based on this quandary, I argue that the Roman silver coinage of the third century CE became a fiat currency in some respects, deriving its guarantee from imperial iconography and assurances rather than from bullion value. The fiat nature of the silver coinage was largely present in usage as a medium of exchange for those without as much long-term interest in maintaining liquid stores of value; this is indicated by the differential debasement of the denarius and aureus; imperial actions and hoarding practices indicate the extent to which the currency was accepted at nominal value. I examine the reactions of different social groups in order to determine the perceived value of the Roman coinage during this time, and in order to understand the paradoxical collapse in the currency’s value in the late third century. To demonstrate this, I will present the applicable elements of the modern concept of “fiat” to this context through portrayal of emperors and usurpers on coins, use coin hoard data to determine the effect of Gresham’s Law, and examine historical and papyrological accounts of currency reforms. I will also use evidence of the expansion of taxes in kind and the rejection of nominal value by both emperor and subjects to argue that the inflation following Aurelian’s reform resulted from an invalidation of the trust in imperial fiat.

Lighting up the World? Empires and Islanders in the Pacific Whaling Industry, 1790-1860

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haines
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Island ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the surge in pelagic whaling in the nineteenth century and how it contributed to globalisation. It examines the contact between European empires and indigenous Pacific island communities and the relationship between the whaling industry and European expansionism. It is divided into four parts: the first reviews whaling historiography; the second examines the origin of the Pacific whaling industry and its international components; the third examines the impact of whaling on Pacific island communities; and the fourth uses case studies exploring the impact from New Zealander and Hawaiian perspectives. It concludes that the whaling industry had a relatively minor long-term impact on globalisation - bar the depletion of whale stock, but an enormous overall impact on the furthering of European expansionism.

Alcune riflessioni sull' ἐνάργεıα dall' Ars rhetorica di Pseudo-Dionigi di Alicarnasso

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Francesco Berardi
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dionysius Of Halicarnassus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rhetorical Texts

Many modern scholars have studied in detail the phenomenon of vividness (gr. ἐνάργεıα; lat. evidentia) in ancient rhetorical texts; however, they have neglected to examine two important testimonies included in an Ars rhetorica ascribed to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, but in fact to be ascribed to an anonymous rhetorician who probably lived in the third century AD. In these two passages the anonymous rhetorician faces some issues concerning the stylistic evidence that have not been previously studied. He analyzes the relationship between the vividness of the text and the use of everyday language, aimed to enhance realistic effects of discourse. This paper aims to present a detailed analysis of the comments offered by the anonymous rhetorician, that will help to define some peculiar aspects of stylistic vividness of the language in discourse.

scholarly journals The long-term impacts of forest removal on floodplain subsurface hydrology

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ramsey Elliott Kellner
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Bottomland Hardwood Forest ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Subsurface Hydrology ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Floodplain Hydrology

A study was implemented in fall 2010, in the Hinkson Creek Watershed, Missouri, USA to improve quantitative understanding of the long-term impact of forest removal on floodplain hydrology. Automated volumetric water content (VWC) probes and piezometers equipped with pressure transducers to monitor shallow groundwater (SGW) temperature and level were installed in a gridded study design within a historic agricultural field (Ag) and a remnant bottomland hardwood forest (BHF). Groundwater was analyzed for 49 physiochemical metrics. Results showed VWC to be significantly different between sites (p less than 0.01) during the study, with site averages of 33.1 and 32.8% at the Ag and BHF sites, respectively. Semi-variogram analyses results suggest historic forest removal and cultivation of the Ag site facilitated the development of strong VWC spatial dependency. SGW temperature range at the Ag site was 72% greater than at the BHF site. BHF groundwater contained significantly (p less than 0.05) higher concentrations of nutrients, while Ag groundwater was characterized by significantly (p less than 0.05) higher concentrations of trace elements. Collective results highlight the greater extent to which BHF vegetation impacts subsurface hydrology, relative to grassland/agricultural systems, and point to the value of reestablishing floodplain forests for freshwater routing, water quality, aquatic ecosystem conservation, and flood mitigation in mixed-land-use watersheds.

Long-term Impact of Physician Encoding on Detail and Number of Recorded Diagnoses

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (02) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hasman ◽  
H. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Diagnostic Codes ◽  
Discharge Letter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Informational Value ◽  
Discharge Summaries

Summary Objectives: To improve the recording of diagnostic discharge data, pediatricians encoded diagnostic information as part of discharge letter writing supported by a pediatric list of ICD-9-CM-based codes. We evaluated the effect of this new policy on level of detail and number of recorded diagnoses. Methods: We compared proportions of specific principal diagnoses and numbers of secondary diagnoses of the four years before with the eight years after introduction. Results: Immediately after introduction, half of the diagnoses for which both generic and specific codes existed was coded specific. In later years this proportion remained stable at 0.35 (p < 0.05). Diagnoses that fall under the pediatrician’s own subspecialty had more often a specific code than diagnoses that do not. The mean number of secondary diagnoses per admission increased from 0.7 before introduction to 1.4 in the third year after introduction (p < 0.05) but gradually fell back to 0.7. This increase and decrease was mainly due to diagnoses that did not fall under the pediatrician’s own subspecialty. The extra codes in individual discharge summaries had added informational value. Conclusions: Discharge letter-linked encoding by pediatricians supported by a pediatric list of diseases leads initially to increased detail and number of diagnoses with added informational value. When attention diminishes, especially the level of detail and number of secondary diagnoses that do not fall under one’s own subspecialty decrease. The level of detail of principal diagnoses remains stable because of the advantage for pediatricians of having specific diagnostic codes falling under their own subspecialty.

A mass grave from the catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus in Rome, second-third century AD

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (314) ◽  
pp. 989-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Blanchard ◽  
Dominique Castex ◽  
Michaël Coquerelle ◽  
Raffaella Giuliani ◽  
Monica Ricciardi
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Mass Grave ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gold Silver

Investigations in a catacomb revealed an early mass grave, in which the bodies were bound tightly with plaster and textile in a type of mummification. Over 100 individuals, mostly young adults, including women, were stacked in rows apparently following a communal fatal incident, perhaps an epidemic. The presence of traces of gold, silver and probably amber with many of the bodies, and their burial in an imperial property suggests a group of some status being interred in the early years of the catacomb, at the end of the second century AD or beginning of the third.

Prosodic Impairment Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Billy Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Individual Variations

Abstract Purpose: This article discusses impaired prosody production subsequent to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prosody may affect naturalness and intelligibility of speech significantly, often for the long term, and TBI may result in a variety of impairments. Method: Intonation, rate, and stress production are discussed in terms of the perceptual, physiological, and acoustic characteristics associated with TBI. Results and Conclusions: All aspects of prosodic production are susceptible to the effects of damage resulting from TBI. There are commonly associated prosodic impairments; however, individual variations in specific aspects of prosody require detailed analysis.

Crisis Phones - Suicide Prevention Versus Suggestion/Contagion Effects

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Stack
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Contagion Effects ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract. Background: There has been no systematic work on the short- or long-term impact of the installation of crisis phones on suicides from bridges. The present study addresses this issue. Method: Data refer to 219 suicides from 1954 through 2013 on the Skyway Bridge in St. Petersburg, Florida. Six crisis phones with signs were installed in July 1999. Results: In the first decade after installation, the phones were used by 27 suicidal persons and credited with preventing 26 or 2.6 suicides a year. However, the net suicide count increased from 48 in the 13 years before installation of phones to 106 the following 13 years or by 4.5 additional suicides/year (t =3.512, p < .001). Conclusion: Although the phones prevented some suicides, there was a net increase after installation. The findings are interpreted with reference to suggestion/contagion effects including the emergence of a controversial bridge suicide blog.

Long-Term Impact of Participation in the Adolescent Diversion Project

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna L. Claes ◽  
Sean S. Hankins ◽  
J. K. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Impact
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