Stone Circles and Megalithic Mathematics.

1984 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 197-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Barnatt ◽  
Gordon Moir
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Southern England ◽  
North East ◽  
Unit Of Length ◽  
Geometric Planning ◽  
Architectural Traits

Thom has proposed that megalithic monuments were planned using geometry and a unit of length — the megalithic yard. All data in Thom's data-sets not deriving from well-preserved stone circles are removed, so that these proposals can be tested on this one category of monument. The statistical evidence for the existence of the megalithic yard is found to be equivocal. The shapes of stone rings, a part from the true circle, can be most easily explained as arising from layout by eye, without geometric planning. Exceptionally, two groups of stone circles which have distinctive architectural traits appear to have been planned to be truly circular, presumably using peg and rope construction. These groups are in southern England and north-east Scotland, although the latter group is not identified with certainty.

scholarly journals Issues of diffuse pollution model complexity arising from performance benchmarking

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 647-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Hutchins ◽  
C. Dilks ◽  
H. N. Davies ◽  
A. Deflandre
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Performance Benchmarking ◽  
North East ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
Marginal Improvement

Abstract. Flow and nitrate dynamics were simulated in two catchments, the River Aire in northern England and the River Ythan in north-east Scotland. In the case of the Aire, a diffuse pollution model was coupled with a river quality model (CASCADE-QUESTOR); in the study of the Ythan, an integrated model (SWAT) was used. In each study, model performance was evaluated for differing levels of spatial representation in input data sets (rainfall, soils and land use). In respect of nitrate concentrations, the performance of the models was compared with that of a regression model based on proportions of land cover. The overall objective was to assess the merits of spatially distributed input data sets. In both catchments, specific measures of quantitative performance showed that models using the most detailed available input data contributed, at best, only a marginal improvement over simpler implementations. Hence, the level of complexity used in input data sets has to be determined, not only on multiple criteria of quantitative performance but also on qualitative assessments, reflecting the specific context of the model application and the current and likely future needs of end-users.

scholarly journals Ethnic Minorities’ Migration Trends in Central Highland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ha Viet Hung
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
Highland Region ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Central Highland ◽  
Destination Area

Migration of ethnic minorities in Central Highland region is a big concern of the policymakers as well as the social researchers. Based on the analysis of data from two Vietnam internal migration surveys taken in 2004 and 2015, the Central Highland had been a destination area for a majority of ethnic minorities’ rural-rural migrants. The study shows that the size of voluntary migrants came to the Central Highland region is strongly decreasing over the last five years. In contrast, there appeared an increasing group of voluntary migrants come out from the Central Highland to other regions, especially the North-East, looking for a job, income-earning for their households. The number of rural-urban migrants is increasing while the number of rural-rural migrants is decreasing among the ethnic minorities’ migrants. The share of temporary migrants is becoming dominant over the permanent ones in both in- and out-migration in the Central Highland region. The main purpose of the movement is seeking a job, income earning. By analyzing the existing data sets, it shows a significant impact of migrants’ education on their decision of movement. The study results may contribute to estimate the migration trend and serve as evidence for the ethnic minorities’ policymaking on the period from now to 2030.

Variation in the Eucalyptus flocktoniae complex (Myrtaceae) and the description of four new taxa from southern Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Nicolle ◽  
John G. Conran
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Phenetic Analysis ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
North East ◽  
Bud Size

Eucalyptus flocktoniae is considered to be a complex distinguished within EucalyptusseriesSubulatae by decurrent juvenile leaves and glossyadult leaves. The geographical range of E. flocktoniae(Maiden) Maiden was examined to quantify the patterns of variation in bothadult and seedling morphology. The putatively related speciesE. aspersa Brooker & Hopper,E. cooperiana F.Muell.,E. socialis F.Muell. exMiq.,E. transcontinentalis Maiden sens.lat.and E. yumbarrana Boomsma werealso studied to assess similarity and relationships toE. flocktoniae sens. lat. Phenetic analysis of adult andjuvenile data sets (46 and 21 characters, respectively) indicated that theE. flocktoniae complex consisted of five distinct taxa,distinguishable from one another in habit, branchlet pruinosity, leaf colourand gloss, inflorescence pruinosity, umbellaster orientation, bud size andornamentation, and fruit shape and ornamentation. These taxa areE. flocktoniae subsp. flocktoniae,here redefined, as restricted to between Three Springs and the Oldfield Riverin Western Australia (WA); subsp. hebes Nicolle subsp.nov. from Balladonia to north-east of Ravensthorpe, WA;E. neutra Nicolle sp. nov., from the south-centralwheatbelt of WA; E. peninsularis Nicolle sp. nov. fromlower Eyre Peninsula in SA; and E. urna Nicolle sp.nov., a common and widespread species between Kondinin and Caiguna in WA. Akey and distribution maps are provided for taxa of theE. flocktoniae complex.

Educating the Local Clergy,c.900–c.1150

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 83-113
Author(s):  
Sarah Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Southern England ◽  
North East ◽  
Carolingian Empire ◽  
Peripheral Regions

Scholars interested in those medieval clergy charged with the delivery of pastoral care have highlighted the flourishing of reforming movements in the ninth and thirteenth centuries. Thus the period between the fall of the Carolingian empire and the beginnings of the so-called pastoral revolution is generally viewed as one of episcopal neglect. Focusing on case studies drawn from the Carolingian heartlands of north-east Frankia and Lotharingia, as well as what had been the more peripheral regions of northern Italy and southern England, this article offers a revised interpretation of the education of the local clergy in the post-Carolingian world. Exploring the ways in which higher churchmen sought to innovate on the texts they inherited from their Carolingian predecessors, it demonstrates how they paid considerable attention to the preparation and ordination of suitable candidates, to the instruction and monitoring of local clergy through attendance at diocesan synods and local episcopal visitations, and to the provision of suitable texts to support local churchmen in the delivery of pastoral care.

Irrigation Estimates from Remote Sensing Soil Moisture: A District-Scale Analysis in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo Dari ◽  
Pere Quintana-Seguí ◽  
María José Escorihuela ◽  
Vivien Stefan ◽  
Renato Morbidelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

<p>Irrigation represents a primary source of anthropogenic water consumption, whose effects impact on the natural distribution of water on the Earth’s surface and on food production. Over anthropized basins, irrigation often represents the missing variable to properly close the hydrological balance. Despite this, detailed information on the amounts of water actually applied for irrigation is lacking worldwide. In this study, a method to estimate irrigation volumes applied over a heavily irrigated area in the North East of Spain through high-resolution (1 km) remote sensing soil moisture is presented. Two DISPATCH (DISaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale CHange) downscaled data sets have been used: SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity). The SMAP experiment covers the period from January 2016 to September 2017, while the SMOS experiment is referred to the time span from January 2011 to September 2017. The irrigation amounts have been retrieved through the SM2RAIN algorithm, in which the guidelines provided in the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) paper n.56 about the crop evapotranspiration have been implemented for a proper modeling of the crop evapotranspiration. A more detailed analysis has been performed in the context of the SMAP experiment. In fact, the spatial distribution and the temporal occurrence of the irrigation events have been investigated. Furthermore, the loss of accuracy of the irrigation estimates when using different sources for the evapotranspiration data has been assessed. In order to do this, the SMAP experiment has been repeated by forcing the SM2RAIN algorithm with several evapotranspiration data sets, both calculated and observed. Finally, the merging of the results obtained through the two experiments has produced a data set of almost 7 years of irrigation estimated from remote sensing soil moisture.</p>

scholarly journals What Benford Can Tell Us About Cover Pools – An Empirical Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Kienle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Leading digits often follow a distribution described by Newcomb (1881) and Benford (1938). We apply this phenomenon known as Benford’s Law on cover assets provided by issuers of German covered bonds. The main finding of the empirical analysis is that leading digits of these assets seem to follow the Benford distribution. Standard statistical evidence, however, might be misleading due to effects of large data sets. Consequently, the present paper also provides an example of how to deal with large data sets when a Benford distribution is assumed. 

scholarly journals Investigations into the Development of a Satellite-Based Aerosol Climate Data Record using ATSR-2, AATSR and AVHRR data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahui Che ◽  
Jie Guang ◽  
Gerrit de Leeuw ◽  
Yong Xue ◽  
Ling Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
North East ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Single Sensor ◽  
Climate Data Record

Abstract. Satellites provide information on the temporal and spatial distributions of aerosols on regional and global scales. With the same method applied to a single sensor all over the world, a consistent data set is to be expected. However, the application of different retrieval algorithms to the same sensor, and the use of a series of different sensors may lead to substantial differences and no single sensor or algorithm is better than any others everywhere and at any time. For the production of long-term climate data records, the use of multiple sensors cannot be avoided. The Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-2) and the advanced ATSR (AATSR) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data sets have been used to provide a global AOD data record over land and ocean of 17-years (1995–2012), which is planned to be extended with AOD retrieved from a similar sensor, i.e. the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) which flies on Sentinel-3A launched in early 2016. However, this leaves a gap of about 4 years between the end of the AATSR and the start of the SLSTR data records. To fill this gap, and to investigate the possibility to extend the ATSR data record to earlier years, the use of an AOD data set from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is investigated. AOD data sets used in this study were retrieved from the ATSR sensors using the ATSR Dual View algorithm ADV v2.31 developed by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), and from the AVHRR sensors using the ADL algorithm developed by RADI/CAR. Together these data sets cover a multi-decadal period (1983–2014). The study area includes two contrasting areas, both as regards aerosol content and composition and surface properties, i.e. a region over North-East (NE) China encompassing a highly populated urban/industrialized area (Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei) and a sparsely populated mountainous area. Ground-based AOD observations available from ground-based sunphotometer AOD data in AERONET and CARSNET are used as reference, together with radiation-derived AOD data at Beijing to cover the time before sunphotometer observations became available in the early 2000s. In addition, MODIS-Terra C6.1 AOD data are used as reference data set over the wide area where no ground-based data are available. All satellite data over the study area were validated versus the reference data, showing the qualification of MODIS for comparison with ATSR and AVHRR. The comparison with MODIS shows that AVHRR performs better that ATSR in the north of the study area (40° N), whereas further south ATSR provides better results. The validation versus sunphotometer AOD shows that both AVHRR and ATSR underestimate the AOD, with ATSR failing to provide reliable results in the winter time. This is likely due to the highly reflecting surface in the dry season, when AVHRR-retrieved AOD traces both MODIS and reference AOD data well. However, AVHRR does not provide AOD larger than about 0.6 and hence is not reliable in the summer season when high AOD values have been observed over the last decade. In these cases, ATSR performs much better, for AOD up to about 1.3. AVHRR-retrieved AOD compares favourably with radiance-derived AOD, except for AOD higher than about 0.6. These comparisons lead to the conclusion that AVHRR and ATSR AOD data records each have their strengths and weaknesses which need to be accounted for when combining them in a single multi-decadal climate data record.

scholarly journals Deep drivers of mesoscale circulation in the central Rockall Trough

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2607-2646 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Sherwin ◽  
D. Alyenik ◽  
E. Dumont ◽  
M. Inall
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
North Atlantic Current ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Rockall Trough ◽  
Western Side

Abstract. Mesoscale variability in the central Rockall Trough between about 56 and 58° N has been investigated using a combination of ship-borne, underwater glider and gridded satellite altimeter measurements. Altimeter observations show that mesoscale features such as eddies and large scale circulation cells are ubiquitous phenomena. They have horizontal length scales of order 100 km with vertical scales of over 1000 m and are associated with mean current speeds (over the upper 1000 m) of 15 ± 7 cm s−1. Monthly area averaged surface Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) has substantial inter-annual variability, which at times can dominate a mean seasonal signal that varies from a maximum in May (74 cm2 s−2) to a minimum in October (52 cm2 s−2) and has increased gradually since 1992 at about 1.1 cm2 s−2 per year. A five month glider mission in the Trough showed that much of this energy comes from features that are located over 1000 m below the surface in the deep cold waters of the Trough (possibly from eddies associated the North Atlantic Current). The surface currents from altimeters had similar magnitude to the drift currents averaged over 1000 m from the glider in the stratified autumn, but were half the deep water speed during late winter. Although the mesoscale features move in an apparent random manner they may also be quasi-trapped by submarine topography such as seamounts. Occasionally anti-cyclonic and cyclonic cells combine to cause a coherent westward deflection of the European slope current that warms the Rockall side of the Trough. Such deflections contribute to the inter-annual variability in the observed temperature and salinity that are monitored in the upper 800 m of the Trough. By combining glider and altimeter measurements it is shown that altimeter measurements fail to observe a 15 cm s−1 northward flowing slope current on the eastern side and a small persistent southward current on the western side. There is much to be gained from the synergy between satellite altimetry and in situ glider observations both in the interpretation of their separate data sets and in aiding glider pilots to steer their vehicles through EKE active regions such as the north-east Atlantic.

Swallowing outcomes following surgical and non-surgical treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (11) ◽  
pp. 1116-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Burnip ◽  
S J Owen ◽  
S Barker ◽  
J M Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
North East ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Informed Treatment ◽  
Surgical Treatments ◽  
Swallowing Outcomes

AbstractBackground:Treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer includes surgery, and/or chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy. Each of these treatments results in major changes to the swallowing mechanism. Dysphagia is strongly correlated with poorer quality of life. A good understanding of outcomes is needed for well-informed treatment decisions.Method:This study reports on patients' swallowing outcomes following surgical and non-surgical treatments based on the results of three different swallowing tests. A total of 123 data sets were collected in out-patient clinics across two hospitals in North East England.Results:There were no significant differences between treatment groups for patient-reported swallowing outcomes or swallowing performance. However, patients who had undergone chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (with or without laryngectomy) had significantly more diet restrictions than other groups.Conclusion:Long-term dysphagia is a common outcome of treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer. Patients treated with chemoradiotherapy and laryngectomy reported the worst overall outcomes. More longitudinal prospective research with large treatment groups is needed to investigate swallowing outcomes following different treatment methods.

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