scholarly journals FORMALISING ARISTOCRATIC POWER IN ROYALACTAIN LATE TWELFTH- AND EARLY THIRTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE AND SCOTLAND

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 33-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Causal Force ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Central Level

ABSTRACTOur understanding of the development of secular institutional governments in Europe during the central Middle Ages has long been shaped by an implicit or explicit opposition between royal and lay aristocratic power. That is to say, the growth of public, institutional and/or bureaucratic central authorities involved the decline and/or exclusion of noble aristocratic power, which thus necessarily operated in a zero-sum game. While much research has shown that this conflict-driven narrative is problematic, it remains in our understanding as a rather shadowy but still powerful causal force of governmental development during this period. This paper compares the changing conceptualisation of the relationship between royal and aristocratic power in the French and Scottish kingdoms to demonstrate, first, how narratives built at the periphery of Europe have important contributions and challenges to make to those formed from the core areas of Europe and, second, that state formation did not involve a decline in aristocratic power. Instead, the evidence from royalactain both kingdoms shows that aristocratic power was formalised at a central level, and then built into the forms of government which were emerging in very different ways in both kingdoms in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. Set in broader perspective, this suggests that governmental development involved an intensification of existing structures of elite power, not a diminution.

State Formation, Social Change, and the Division of Power

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverre Bagge
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
New Towns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Central Level

This chapter examines state formation, social change, and the division of power in the Scandinavian kingdoms, focusing in particular on the degree of bureaucratization in general and the extent to which it increased the power of the central government. It first considers social stratification in the High Middle Ages before discussing sources of royal and ecclesiastical revenues such as taxes, fines, and tolls, as well as the income of the Church. It also looks at major changes in the character and importance of Scandinavian trade and how the growth in trade increased town populations and led to the foundation of new towns. Finally, it explains how the division of power in contemporary society—at least at the central level—becomes a question of the relationship between the monarchy, the Church, and the secular aristocracy.

Bastard Feudalism and the Framing of Thirteenth-Century England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.

Time and accounting in the Middle Ages: An Italian-based analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Adamo ◽  
David Alexander ◽  
Roberta Fasiello
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

This work is focused on an issue scarcely examined in the literature, concerning the analysis of the relationship existing between time and accounting practice. The aim is to highlight how changes in the interpretation of the concept of time influenced the development of accounting practices and contributed to the rise of periodical accounting reporting from the beginning of the thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth century. The socio-economic context existing in Italy in the Middle Ages, the development of commercial partnerships among merchants ( compagnie) and the international trade created the conditions for the development of periodical reporting. The relevance assigned to time in economic activity is one of the crucial factors of the rise of accounting information related to recurring accounting periods. Furthermore, the article shows how the concept of time is important and its significance widely underestimated, in a variety of further applications.

scholarly journals Prilozi proučavanju crkve Svetog Mateja u Splitu

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Ivan Basić
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The Church ◽  
East West

The church of St Matthew, which stood next to the south entrance to Split cathedral until 1881, was constructed between the peripteros and temenos of Diocletian’s mausoleum, along its east-west axis. A large number of pre-existing structures in the church of St Matthew and their degree of preservation indicate that it was erected at the beginning of the early middle ages, when the original layout of diocletian’s building had been well preserved. The church was the original setting for the sarcophagus with the epitaph of Archbishop John from the second half of the eighth century, which can be linked to the restorer of the Salonitan archbishopric in Split, John of Ravenna, who is mentioned by Thomas, the Archdeacon of Split, in his thirteenth-century chronicle, Historia Salonitana. The analysis of the sources relevant for the burial place of Archbishop John of Ravenna (the fourteenth-century chronicle of A. Cutheis and his catalogue of the archbishops of Split) showed that the data from these records are also of early medieval origin. The chronological frame in which the formula carved on the lid of the Archbishop’s sarcophagus existed, its epigraphic features and comparisons with the deceased’s epitaph, link it with the time when the longer inscription and the decoration of the sarcophagus front were carved - the end of the eighth century, and point to Archbishop John (c. 787) as the likeliest owner of the sarcophagus.  The choice of place for the sarcophagus of prior Peter, immediately next to the entrance to the church of St Matthew, in the ninth century, as well as the decoration and its relationship with the epitaph inspired by that on the sarcophagus of Archbishop john, corroborate that the prior’s sarcophagus was later than that of the Archbishop and the church in which it stood. The description of the church’s interior by D. Farlati in the eighteenth century, together with other indications, confirms that the sarcophagus and the church were made at the same  time, and that the Archbishop’s tomb was originally envisaged within the architectural setting of this church where an arcosolium contributed to its monumentality. The iconographic variant of the crossed-lily decoration and its specific symbolism originated in early christian Ravenna, which corresponds not only to the origin of the  Archbishop buried in the chapel but to the dedication to St Matthew, also of ravennate provenance, which creatively matches the iconographic programme of the sarcophagus. Thus, the sarcophagus, the church of St Matthew and John of Ravenna are connected to John,  the Archbishop of Split in the late eighth century.

Art, Prophecy, and Drama in the Choir of Salisbury Cathedral

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-190
Author(s):  
Matthew Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Liturgical Drama ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Christian History

AbstractThe former painted cycle over the vaults of Salisbury Cathedral represents one of the great losses of thirteenth-century English art. This paper focuses on the imagery over the three-bay choir, which features twentyfour Old Testament kings and prophets each holding scrolls with texts prefiguring the Coming of Christ. The content of the cycle derives from a sermon, well known in the Middle Ages, by Pseudo-Augustine: Contra Judaeos, Paganos et Arianos. Yet the most immediate sources lie in twelfth and thirteenth-century extrapolations of the Pseudo-Augustinian sermon in liturgical drama, the so-called Ordo Prophetarum, or prophet plays. This observation leads to a discussion of the relationship of imagery to its liturgical setting. It is argued that the images on the choir vaults were also to be understood allegorically as types of the cathedral canons, who originally sat in the choir stalls below. A reading of the choir as a place of prophecy is located within traditions of liturgical commentary, which allegorize processions through churches as processions through Christian history. This leads to a discussion of the allegorization of the church interior in the Gothic period.

Missionaries and Crusaders, 1095–1274: Opponents or Allies?

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Siberry
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Near East ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The Christian missions to the Muslims in the Near East during the Central Middle Ages have already attracted much attention from historians, but as yet no real attempt has been made to analyse the relationship between those who advocated peaceful conversion by means of preaching and teaching, in other words a programme of missionary work, and the crusaders, who sought to defeat the enemies of the faith in battle. In the past, historians have tended to portray advocates of missions as opponents of the crusades and it has been suggested that by the late thirteenth century, as a result of a series of Christian defeats in the Near East. the missionary ideal had won a great deal of support and that this was one of the factors which contributed towards the decline of the crusading movement. The aim of this paper is to challenge this thesis. The first step towards this reappraisal will be to examine the attitude of certain prominent supporters of a policy of peaceful conversion towards the crusades.

Al‐Mustansir, Charles of Anjou, and the Struggle for the Central Mediterranean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lower
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
As If ◽  
The Middle Ages

Tunis and Sicily had entangled histories in the Middle Ages. This chapter explores how two powerful Mediterranean dynasts—Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, and al‐Mustansir, emir of Tunis—struggled to assert themselves in the Sicilian Straits in the mid‐thirteenth century. While al‐Mustansir wanted Sicilian grain to feed his people, Charles needed African gold to pay for the debts he had accumulated in conquering Sicily in 1266. The question remained how that strategic interdependence would work itself out: would Charles and al‐Mustansir be partners, or would they wage a zero‐sum struggle to control the central Mediterranean? When al‐Mustansir sponsored an expeditionary force that landed on the coast of Sicily in the fall of 1267, it looked as if conflict would prevail. As it turned out, the landing was really the opening salvo in a negotiation that would extend throughout the course of the Tunis Crusade.

Logica modernorum

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-262
Author(s):  
Joke Spruyt
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Faith And Reason ◽  
Critical Note ◽  
Eminent Scholar ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Logica modernorum. A critical note on Habermas’s portrait of medieval philosophy In his monumental history of philosophy, the eminent scholar Jürgen Habermas has managed to provide us with a thorough and very nuanced overview of thousands of years of western thought. The famous philosopher paints an impressive picture of the vicissitudes of the modernisation processes featuring in the history of western philosophy. The Leitmotiv of Habermas’s narrative is the way in which throughout history philosophy dealt with the question concerning the relationship between faith and reason. When it comes to the Middle Ages, it is not surprising that Habermas should focus on the opposition between Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham. However, by confining himself to the concepts of fides and ratio, he completely overlooks thirteenth-century developments in the domain of logic. To take note of these developments is fundamental to understand the process of modernisation in philosophy. The aim of this paper is to fill in the gap, by concentrating on thirteenth-century discussions of necessity and (logical) consequences.

Local-scale tree community ecotones are distinct vegetation types instead of mixed ones: a case study from the Cerrado–Atlantic forest ecotonal region in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Cléber R. Souza ◽  
Gabriela G. P. Paula ◽  
Carolina N. Mendes ◽  
Vinícius A. Maia ◽  
Natália Aguiar-Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
The Core ◽  
Tree Community ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Landscape Biodiversity ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vegetation identity of local-scale ecotones and its importance to landscape biodiversity in a transition between savanna and forest vegetation types in Brazil. We surveyed the tree community (diameter at breast height ≥5 cm) within 25 plots of 400 m2 across three core vegetation types and two ecotones among them (totalling five vegetation types). We then evaluated similarities in species composition, community structure and phylogenetic diversity across the transitions in order to assess the relationship between the ecotones and the core areas. Ecotones were distinct floristic units with a high number of unique species and floristic and phylogenetic clustering, and hence these environments are additional vegetation types in relation to the core areas. Some species showed maximum abundance in ecotones, which harboured distinct ecological patterns, demonstrating the importance of the ecotones in the overall ecosystem. Results are related to the distribution of the species present in the regional pool across local-scale microhabitats, with ecotones being a product of a distinct environmental conditions resulting from the distinct adjacent biomes (savanna and forest), which enable the maintenance of biological diversity.

scholarly journals The Pilgrimage as Inner and Outer Journey in Paulo Coelho’s The Pilgrimage

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Vilma-Irén Mihály
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
The Core ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The present paper aims at analyzing the significance and occurrence of pilgrimages as inner and outer journeys, focusing on their form(s) and role(s] in today’s postmodern society. The introductory part presents the phenomenon from a theoretical point of view, that is taking into consideration its possible definitions (e.g. as a religious phenomenon in pre-Christian and Christian cultures from the Middle Ages to the present: and pilgrimages in literature). The core of the paper then discusses Paulo Coelho’s novel entitled The Pilgrimage. A Contemporary Quest for Ancient Wisdom, which, though extremely popular, has not yet undergone any significant literary analysis. We shall examine the protagonist’s spiritual journey from the perspective of the postmodern human condition. The questions that the paper tries to answer also refer to the relationship between the novel and different religions such as Christianity and New Age. respectively neo-pagan movements that are the product and proof of postmodern pluralism at the same time.

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