scholarly journals A Non-Linear Programming Approach to Floodplain Management With Non-Structural Alternatives

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawahar L. Kaul ◽  
Cleve E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Floodplain Management ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Non Linear Programming ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Structural Measures ◽  
False Sense

There is apparently a growing awareness of the role of non-structural measures as an important part of an overall flood damage reduction program. This awareness has come in part with the realization that structural measures often provide a false sense of security to floodplain occupants and can, then, result in increased food damages — contrary to their intended purpose. To be sure, restrictions prohibiting all development in flood prone areas is a polar case (which will eliminate all damages). There are no a priori reasons to believe that all uses should be prohibited from all floodplain areas. Some of these areas can, in fact, be put to economic use by land use management such that benefits derived outweigh costs associated with such development.The objectives underlying this investigation, then, are (i) to develop a methodology useful to planners at several levels for efficient floodplain management, considering both structural and non-structural measures and (ii) to demonstrate the usefulness of the methodology by applying it to a selected floodplain in the Connecticut River Basin.

scholarly journals An Application of a Floodplain Land use Decision Framework with Zero-One Controls

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Jawahar L. Kaul ◽  
Cleve E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Damage Reduction ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Structural Measures ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Economic Use

Resource economists and the federal government have shown a growing awareness of the role of non-structural measures (such as floodplain zoning) as an important part of an overall flood damage reduction program. This awareness has come in part with the realization that structural measures often provide a false sense of security to floodplain occupants and, as such, often result in increased flood damages contrary to their intended purpose. To be sure, restrictions prohibiting all development in flood prone areas could eliminate all damages. There are no a priori reasons, however, to believe that all uses should be prohibited from all floodplain areas. Through sound land use management practices, some of these areas can, in fact, be put to economic use such that the benefits derived outweigh the costs associated with such development.

scholarly journals Ultrasound Guidance for Deep Peripheral Nerve Blocks: A Brief Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama Wadhwa ◽  
Sunitha Kanchi Kandadai ◽  
Sujittra Tongpresert ◽  
Detlef Obal ◽  
Ralf Erich Gebhard
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Blocks ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Anesthesia Technique ◽  
Additional Value

Nerve stimulation and ultrasound have been introduced to the practice of regional anesthesia mostly in the last two decades. Ultrasound did not gain as much popularity as the nerve stimulation until a decade ago because of the simplicity, accuracy and portability of the nerve stimulator. Ultrasound is now available in most academic centers practicing regional anesthesia and is a popular tool amongst trainees for performance of nerve blocks. This review article specifically discusses the role of ultrasonography for deeply situated nerves or plexuses such as the infraclavicular block for the upper extremity and lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve blocks for the lower extremity. Transitioning from nerve stimulation to ultrasound-guided blocks alone or in combination is beneficial in certain scenarios. However, not every patient undergoing regional anesthesia technique benefits from the use of ultrasound, especially when circumstances resulting in difficult visualization such as deep nerve blocks and/or block performed by inexperienced ultrasonographers. The use of ultrasound does not replace experience and knowledge of relevant anatomy, especially for visualization of deep structures. In certain scenarios, ultrasound may not offer additional value and substantial amount of time may be spent trying to find relevant structures or even provide a false sense of security, especially to an inexperienced operator. We look at available literature on the role of ultrasound for the performance of deep peripheral nerve blocks and its benefits.

Rethinking Expert Testimony in Education Rights Litigation

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Welner ◽  
Haggai Kupermintz
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
General Level ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Educational Issues ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense

Courts often rely on the testimony of experts to understand arguments and implications in education rights litigation. But expert testimony, and statistical testimony in particular, can offer a false sense of security for the unwary. This article uses expert testimony offered in two recent desegregation cases to consider whether sufficient protections are presently in place to protect judges, who are usually statistical novices, from being confused or misled by experts. These case studies illustrate how, without the use of additional protections, courts can be misled. Following this examination, we offer suggestions intended to improve judges’ comprehension of expert testimony. At its most general level, this article addresses the role of researchers in presenting important educational issues in ways that speak clearly to policy-makers.

Collection of Ego-Centered Network Data with Computer-Assisted Interviews

Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Gerich ◽  
Roland Lehner
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Full Network

Although ego-centered network data provide information that is limited in various ways as compared with full network data, an ego-centered design can be used without the need for a priori and researcher-defined network borders. Moreover, ego-centered network data can be obtained with traditional survey methods. However, due to the dynamic structure of the questionnaires involved, a great effort is required on the part of either respondents (with self-administration) or interviewers (with face-to-face interviews). As an alternative, we will show the advantages of using CASI (computer-assisted self-administered interview) methods for the collection of ego-centered network data as applied in a study on the role of social networks in substance use among college students.

Love, Inc.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Essig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Dating Apps ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
True Love ◽  
The Future ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Global Movements

In Love, Inc., Laurie Essig argues that love is not all we need. As the future became less secure—with global climate change and the transfer of wealth to the few—Americans became more romantic. Romance is not just what lovers do but also what lovers learn through ideology. As an ideology, romance allowed us to privatize our futures, to imagine ourselves as safe and secure tomorrow if only we could find our "one true love" today. But the fairy dust of romance blinded us to what we really need: global movements and structural changes. By traveling through dating apps and spectacular engagements, white weddings and Disney honeymoons, Essig shows us how romance was sold to us and why we bought it. Love, Inc. seduced so many of us into a false sense of security, but it also, paradoxically, gives us hope in hopeless times. This book explores the struggle between our inner cynics and our inner romantic.

Disrupted Salience and Cingulo-Opercular Network Connectivity During Impaired Rapid Instructed Task Learning in Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262095934
Author(s):  
Julia M. Sheffield ◽  
Holger Mohr ◽  
Hannes Ruge ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Task Learning ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Functional Brain Networks ◽  
Task Goals ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
And Control ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Rapid instructed task learning (RITL) is the uniquely human ability to transform task information into goal-directed behavior without relying on trial-and-error learning. RITL is a core cognitive process supported by functional brain networks. In patients with schizophrenia, RITL ability is impaired, but the role of functional network connectivity in these RITL deficits is unknown. We investigated task-based connectivity of eight a priori network pairs in participants with schizophrenia ( n = 29) and control participants ( n = 31) during the performance of an RITL task. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to determine which network connectivity patterns predicted diagnostic group. Of all network pairs, only the connectivity between the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and salience network (SAN) during learning classified patients and control participants with significant accuracy (80%). CON-SAN connectivity during learning was significantly associated with task performance in participants with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that impaired interactions between identification of salient stimuli and maintenance of task goals contributes to RITL deficits in participants with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals The Role of Global Appearance of Omnidirectional Images in Relative Distance and Orientation Retrieval

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3327
Author(s):  
Vicente Román ◽  
Luis Payá ◽  
Adrián Peidró ◽  
Mónica Ballesta ◽  
Oscar Reinoso
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robotics ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Local Features ◽  
New Family ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Omnidirectional Images ◽  
Great Development

Over the last few years, mobile robotics has experienced a great development thanks to the wide variety of problems that can be solved with this technology. An autonomous mobile robot must be able to operate in a priori unknown environments, planning its trajectory and navigating to the required target points. With this aim, it is crucial solving the mapping and localization problems with accuracy and acceptable computational cost. The use of omnidirectional vision systems has emerged as a robust choice thanks to the big quantity of information they can extract from the environment. The images must be processed to obtain relevant information that permits solving robustly the mapping and localization problems. The classical frameworks to address this problem are based on the extraction, description and tracking of local features or landmarks. However, more recently, a new family of methods has emerged as a robust alternative in mobile robotics. It consists of describing each image as a whole, what leads to conceptually simpler algorithms. While methods based on local features have been extensively studied and compared in the literature, those based on global appearance still merit a deep study to uncover their performance. In this work, a comparative evaluation of six global-appearance description techniques in localization tasks is carried out, both in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Some sets of images captured in a real environment are used with this aim, including some typical phenomena such as changes in lighting conditions, visual aliasing, partial occlusions and noise.

scholarly journals Is a reduction in viability enough to determine biofilm susceptibility to a biocide?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ledwoch ◽  
Maddalena Magoga ◽  
Dulcie Williams ◽  
Stefania Fabbri ◽  
James Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Biocidal Products ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate ◽  
430 Stainless Steel ◽  
Cross Transmission ◽  
Product Test ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Abstract Objective: The abundance and prevalence of dry-surface biofilms (DSBs) in hospitals constitute an emerging problem, yet studies rarely report the cleaning and disinfection efficacy against DSBs. Here, the combined impact of treatments on viability, transferability, and recovery of bacteria from DSBs has been investigated for the first time. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus DSBs were produced in alternating 48-hour wet–dry cycles for 12 days on AISI 430 stainless steel discs. The efficacy of 11 commercially available disinfectants, 4 detergents, and 2 contactless interventions were tested using a modified standardized product test. Reduction in viability, direct transferability, cross transmission (via glove intermediate), and DSB recovery after treatment were measured. Results: Of 11 disinfectants, 9 were effective in killing and removing bacteria from S. aureus DSBs with >4 log10 reduction. Only 2 disinfectants, sodium dichloroisocyanurate 1,000 ppm and peracetic acid 3,500 ppm, were able to lower both direct and cross transmission of bacteria (<2 compression contacts positive for bacterial growth). Of 11 disinfectants, 8 could not prevent DSB recovery for >2 days. Treatments not involving mechanical action (vaporized hydrogen peroxide and cold atmospheric plasma) were ineffective, producing <1 log10 reduction in viability, DSB regrowth within 1 day, and 100% transferability of DSB after treatment. Conclusions: Reduction in bacterial viability alone does not determine product performance against biofilm and might give a false sense of security to consumers, manufacturers and regulators. The ability to prevent bacterial transfer and biofilm recovery after treatment requires a better understanding of the effectiveness of biocidal products.

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