Nationalism and Freedom

Worldview ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
George Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
John Locke ◽  
World History ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Right

The flower of human freedom blooms seldom and precariously in world history. One such occasion was the period of the Enlightenment when philosophers from Rousseau to John Locke and Jefferson proclaimed new conceptions of natural rights. Inspired by these new ideas of freedom, revolutions spread from America, France and England through Europe. New nations arose throughout Europe of the nineteenth century as a wave of new nationalism spilled across the Continent. The right of nationhood and self-determination was one of the new doctrines of freedom.

The New Queen of the Sciences and the New Republic

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
George M. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Christian Higher Education ◽  
New Thought ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Yale College ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Religious Dimensions ◽  
American Schools ◽  
The Right

In the eighteenth century Christian higher education faced several new challenges. Most notable is the Enlightenment. American schools generally incorporated moderate Enlightenment ideas into their teaching, especially the new moral philosophy growing out of the tradition of John Locke and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy. The religious dimensions of higher education were intensified by the Great Awakening and the associated New Light Movement. Yale College, founded in 1701, became by mid-century a leading New Light school. So was the College of New Jersey (Princeton), founded in 1746. A number of other new colleges had New Light connections. Thomas Clap at Yale, Jonathan Edwards, and Ezra Stiles each illustrate efforts to relate the new thought of the era to Christian teachings. The era of the American Revolution brought a new synthesis of Christian concerns and concerns for the right ordering of society, as best illustrated by the work of President John Witherspoon at Princeton.

scholarly journals Philosophical and Legal Interpretation of Individualism in Philosophy of Montesquieu and Voltaire

2020 ◽  
pp. 337-345
Author(s):  
Pavlo PYLYPYSHYN
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rights ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Citizenship Status ◽  
Natural Right ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Equal Citizenship ◽  
Legal Sense

The article attempts to find individualistic ideas in philosophy of Montesquieu and Voltaire, who continued to discourse on legal themes specific particularly to the Enlightenment: the theme of natural condition, social contract, rationalism, morality, human’s place in the world and God in a human. Revealing, first of all, the most topical issues of this time, the thinkers in their philosophy deal with the matters that are utterly individualistic. It is about: the idea of equality, freedom, natural rights (rights to life and ownership), human nature, etc. It is determined that Montesquieu and Voltaire, like other thinkers of the Enlightenment, revealed the essence of individualistic tendencies through rationalism, because human is a rational person who makes decisions, fights his desires supported by reason. The mind, as a source of law, allows man to develop on the basis of science, learnt by him patterns. It is defined that Montesquieu also discoursed on the individualist attributes; in particular, he pays attention to the problem of equality and freedom: 1) as thinker emphasizes, all were equal in natural state but afterwards this equality could be ensured only by the laws, which have to be just; 2) freedom in his philosophy is considered in two aspects: political and personal. For individualist issues important are revealing the personal aspect of freedom, which firstly was in safety of citizen. Providing this freedom is just laws and proper organization of statehood. It is studied that basic individualist principles of Voltaire are: 1) humanity, which lies in declaring the natural right of every person to life and to meet basic needs; 2) freedom manifests in that people become autonomous entities and are no longer formally dependent on one another; freedom lies in depending only on the laws; 3) people are equal and free to each other individuals, and equality is understood by him in just political and legal sense: acquiring equal citizenship status by all people, alike dependence of all citizens on the law and their equal protection by law; 4) ownership — freedom of labor, which is the right of every person «to sell his work to those who pay the highest price for it, as labor is the property of those who have no other ownerships.»

The contradictions of late nineteenth-century nationalist doctrines: three keys to the ‘globalism’ of José Martí’s nationalism

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-88
Author(s):  
Armando García de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
National Level ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
History Narratives ◽  
The Right

AbstractScholarly literature on nineteenth-century nationalism concentrates on its strong exclusionary tendencies, while studies of the Cuban independence leader José Martí (1853–95) focus on his articulation of Cuban nationalism and pan-Latin American regionalism through his political activities and writings. This article identifies the globalism of Martí’s nationalism, moving beyond the national and regional frameworks to which studies of Martí have consigned the Cuban freedom fighter. It argues that the global history narratives that Martí wrote for children constitute critical and innovative components of his programme for national liberation and nation building, and encapsulate his nationalist ideology through three key components: the right to self-determination at the national level, the right to self-determination at the personal level, and a sense of global humanitarianism. The article’s transnational perspective places Martí, through his inclusionary, racially blind, humanitarian form of nationalism, as contradicting late nineteenth-century nationalist doctrines, and begs for ideas about the general intellectual climate of the period to be rethought.

scholarly journals EPISTEMOLOGICAL PREMISES FOR THE CONCEPT OF DIGNITY IN JOHN LOCKE’S PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Maksym Victorovich Doichyk ◽  
Oksana Yaroslavivna Doichyk
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Epistemological Basis

The article presents the analysis of the epistemological basis for the concept of dignity in the philosophical discourse of an outstanding English enlightener John Locke. His views on natural rights and freedoms as well as on human dignity, formed within the framework of the Enlightenment formative shifts, haven’t lost their heuristic potential, and moreover, reveal their relevance in the context of the tendencies prevailing in the contemporary dynamic world. In the process of investigation the following methods were applied: dialectical, hermeneutical, phenomenological, and comparative. The research has revealed that John Locke’s concept of dignity, as well as the conception of educating a worthy citizen, directly correlate with his epistemology. Despite the fact that the phraseological unit “tabula rasa” wasn’t mentioned in Locke’s works directly, though having been repeatedly attributed to him, the intention emphasized in this Roman phrase is present in his views. This phrase lied in the basis of his fundamental view that moral ideas couldn’t be inborn. Rejecting the metaphysical basis for human morality, John Locke argued that social differentiation as well as a person’s virtuous or wicked behavior were not rooted in human nature, but on the contrary, were formed by the social environment, especially by the upbringing. This idea presupposed having equal cultural, educational, political, and legal conditions for a person’s social start. Only human striving for happiness could be considered innate. This desire, in its correlation with social progress, was seen as transforming the idea of human dignity. Having been established, Western capitalism gives rise to new competitive possibilities of self-realization, not available for most people before. Consequently, dignity has been increasingly identified with rationality and the level of education and upbringing, as well as with personal and professional success.

The 1924 Revolution in Sudan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Vezzadini
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses ◽  
First Time

The 1924 Revolution marked the first time in Sudanese history a nationalist ideology became the language of politics and was successfully employed to mobilize the masses. It was a part of a broader movement of anticolonial nationalist agitation that merits studying this Sudanese event as an illuminating example in world history of the period. Thousands of people from all over Sudan protested in the name of principles such as self-determination and the will of the Nation, and the right of citizens to choose their own destiny. Moreover, the movement that led it, the White Flag League, explicitly sought to include people from different backgrounds, statuses, professions, and religions, to counteract the colonial policy of reliance on ethnic affiliations and social hierarchies. Even though it was bloodily put down after only six months, the events of 1924 represent a revolutionary departure in the in the history of modern Sudan.

Church

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Kai Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Oxford Movement ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Vatican I ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Dogmatic truth claims historically played a decisive role in shaping the identities of the various branches and denominations of Christianity. The demise of traditional metaphysics through the rise of modern epistemologies during the Enlightenment led to reformulations of ecclesiology in the nineteenth century. This chapter offers a selective survey of these reformulations. Under Kant’s shadow, Schleiermacher and Hegel defended the right-of-residence of the Church in this world while concurring that doctrinal truth claims could no longer be considered the ground and purpose of the Church. Another reactionary strand of nineteenth-century ecclesiology, evident in the Oxford Movement and Vatican I, responded to the onslaught of modern incredulities towards ecclesial dogmas by attempting to restore the primacy of theological ontology over epistemology.

The Early Modern Foundations of Classic Liberalism

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Political Theology ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Classic Liberalism

The term “liberalism” is of nineteenth-century vintage, but only the most pedantic historian would limit its use to that period. By then, David Hume and the utilitarians had undermined traditional accounts of rights and contract, and “liberalism” largely denoted a reforming mode of political economy. Nineteenth-century liberals were heirs more of Adam Smith than of John Locke, and in this sense the term “liberalism” post-dated the development of “classic,” natural-rights liberalism. Two schemas have tended to structure the historical interpretation of the seventeenth century. “Proto-liberalism” is presumed to be the victorious foe either of Christian political theology, or of antique republicanism. This article explores liberalism's theoretical fundaments, including a dedication to monopolistic sovereignty; belief in the artificiality of political order; an atomistic individualism; dedication to natural equality and popular sovereignty; deployment of the juridical language of rights and contract; a privileging of stability as the primary end of politics.

Suicidal Ideation and Self-Determination in Institutionalized Elderly

Crisis ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée Fortin ◽  
Sylvie Lapierre ◽  
Jacques Baillargeon ◽  
Réal Labelle ◽  
Micheline Dubé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Determination ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Rational Suicide ◽  
Institutionalized Elderly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Subscale ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Taking Action

The right to self-determination is central to the current debate on rational suicide in old age. The goal of this exploratory study was to assess the presence of self-determination in suicidal institutionalized elderly persons. Eleven elderly persons with serious suicidal ideations were matched according to age, sex, and civil status with 11 nonsuicidal persons. The results indicated that suicidal persons did not differ from nonsuicidal persons in level of self-determination. There was, however, a significant difference between groups on the social subscale. Suicidal elderly persons did not seem to take others into account when making a decision or taking action. The results are discussed from a suicide-prevention perspective.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

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