Problems of selection and phytogeny, terms and methods of behaviorism

1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Charles Catania
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
The Way

We have had a grand tour of operant behaviorism ranging over evolutionary time and the breadth of human cultures. It has included both verbal and nonverbal behavior, and it has visited both their public and their private domains. To test my understanding of some of the issues discussed and to offer what I hope will be constructive contributions to the treatments, I here address to Professor Skinner several questions and comments on some of the topics stopped at along the way (I will treat his responses as my souvenirs of the trip).

What Do Dreams Do?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
The Way

What is a dream? It’s a complex, non-obvious pattern derived from your experience. But you haven’t actually experienced it. Strange. Revealing complex, hidden patterns makes dreams odd. Dreams associate elements of different experiences to make something new: a pattern you didn’t know was there until you dreamt it. Patterns are discernible forms in the way something happens or is done. Some patterns are easy to spot, being certain and obvious: night follows day. Patterns in human/animal experiences are less obvious because, first, the patterned elements appear at different times or places and, second, the pattern exhibits tendencies not certainties. Spotting such patterns depends on non-obvious associations. If prompted with ‘sea’, while awake, your logical brain makes obvious associations, ‘beach’ or ‘boat’, with a seaside pattern i.e. beach-boat-seaside. But after awakening from dreaming, when your brain is still tuned to non-obvious associations, ‘sick’ may come to mind. A less obvious element of sea experiences. You tend to seasickness when it’s rough. But you also get sick if you eat shellfish, have a migraine, or travel in cars—but only if you read. Sea–rough–car–read–shellfish–migraine. Visualizing these non-obvious associations between elements of different experiences becomes dream-like. Dreaming brains evolved to identify non-obvious associations. Across evolutionary time, you didn’t want to get sick. Survival depended on being well enough to anticipate the non-obvious patterns of predators and human competitors, while securing access to food and water. Making associations drives many, if not all, brain functions. Dream associations support memory, emotional stability, creativity, unconscious decision-making, and prediction, while also contributing to mental illness. This book explains how.

Consent to sexual interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Japa Pallikkathayil
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Alternative Policy ◽  
Turn On ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
University Setting ◽  
Affirmative Consent ◽  
The Way

The way in which consent to sexual interactions is understood in the US is undergoing a transformation. Many universities, sometimes at the behest of lawmakers, are moving to adopt ‘affirmative consent’ policies, which define consent in terms of affirmative behavior that goes beyond mere silence or lack of resistance. Although these policies are a move in the right direction, I argue that their content has not been properly understood. In particular, the circumstances in which nonverbal behavior may communicate consent are more limited than might be apparent. And even though these circumstances can be abstractly identified, it is difficult to give people adequate guidance about when some of them obtain. Moreover, I argue that no matter how the allowance for nonverbal behavior is construed, affirmative consent policies unnecessarily prohibit interactions that people may have reason to engage in. I propose an alternative policy that remedies these problems with the affirmative consent policies that are currently being implemented. And I note that the justification for this alternative policy does not turn on any special features of the university setting. Instead, the account I give suggests grounds for reforming the law as well.

João Allen: Collecting the World: An Exhibition and Case Study of the First Private Museum in Portugal

Collections ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-297
Author(s):  
Laura Castro
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

João Allen (1781–1848) was a business man who collected antiques, curiosities, natural history, numismatics, archeological pieces, and fine arts. A trip to Italy in 1826–1827 was fundamental to his collection building, to the opening of the first private museum in Portugal, the Allen Museum in Porto (1837), and to the identity of one of Portugal’s most important museums, the Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis created in 1833 under a different designation. Allen’s Grand Tour of Italy and his eclecticism were the cornerstone of the exhibition that took place in this museum in 2018. This article addresses the way in which the exhibition reflects the museum itself and recalls the formation of collections which are of great importance for the history of European museums due to what they reveal about the political and cultural circumstances of their times. Finally, we point out some possible developments concerning the permanent exhibition of the museum.

scholarly journals THE UFFIZI GALLERY IN THE LIGHT OF MEMOIRS OF TRAVELLERS IN THE POLISH REPUBLIC IN THE 18TH CENTURY

Muzealnictwo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wrześniak
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Way

The article briefly studies the way of perceiving of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence by Polish travellers during the period when the museum was subject to the so-called Enlightenment order. The analysis of memoirs from diaries of the Polish Grand Tour indicates that they were considerably influenced by Italian guidebooks and texts by French travellers, among which the most popular was Voyage d’un français en Italie fait dans années 1765–1766 by Joseph- Jérôme Lalande, who was eagerly referred to and his passages quoted. Realising the scheme of the Uffizi Gallery’s descriptions by Polish travellers, one should not hastily assume they lacked the sense of observation, taste or aesthetic sensitivity, and finally the ability to assess a work of art. An in-depth analysis of Polish notes indicated that enlightened arrivals from the Vistula River could critically relate not only to the text of the guide or the French description mentioned, directly ascertaining: You were not right, Mr Lalande!, but also that they came to Florence prepared for the reception of an artwork and the museum itself. They were primarily interested in newly acquired objects or changes in the exhibition. The picture of a Polish traveller, as it is seen through Polish 18th-century accounts, who notes – frequently remotely – fleeting impressions, but without a doubt, they are perfectly aware of what they are looking at.

scholarly journals Sitting in judgment: How body posture influences deception detection and gazing behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mircea Zloteanu ◽  
Daniel C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
The Way

Body postures can affect how we process and attend to information. Here, a novel effect of adopting an open or closed posture on the ability to detect deception was investigated. It was hypothesized that the posture adopted by decoders would affect their social acuity, resulting in differences in the detection of nonverbal behavior and discrimination of deceptive and truthful statements. In Study 1, adopting an open posture produced higher accuracy for detecting naturalistic lies, but no difference in the recognition of brief facial expressions, as compared to adopting a closed posture. Study 2 measured differences in gaze behavior based on posture when detecting both low and high stakes lies. Sitting in an open posture reduced visual attention towards senders, and in particular, the attention given to their hands. The findings suggest that simply shifting posture can impact veracity judgments and the way they attend to visual information.

‘Sybaris is the land where it wishes to take us’: luxurious insertions in Picturesque gardens

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-269
Author(s):  
Annette Condello
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Marie Antoinette ◽  
The Way

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the discovery of Pompeii attracted European aristocrats to include the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Southern Italy) on their Grand Tour itinerary. Similarly, Sybaris, an ancient Greek colonial polis also directed aristocratic attention to the region. French painter and engraver Jean-Claude Richard de Saint-Non and his entourage of architects most famously documented the ruinous Sybaris and exported its imagery back to France. In parallel with these developments, interest in recreating sybaritic images within luxurious Picturesque gardens arose. Drawing upon a pair of garden case studies, Monsieur de Monville's Broken Column House (1780–81) at Désert de Retz, Chambourcy, and Queen Marie-Antoinette's hameau (1783) within the Petit Trianon Gardens at Versailles, this paper examines the sybaritic images, their influences and the ethical values of the creators of these gardens. Monville and Marie-Antoinette were, for instance, charged of excess. This paper is concerned with the way in which these sybaritic places were configured and how they encapsulated a mythic Sybaris, and argues that the charges of excess levelled against their creators partly stemmed from the unusual and sybaritic effects to be found at their private entertainment gardens.

scholarly journals Włochy w perspektywie Dickensa i dziewiętnastowiecznych polskich pisarzy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
Anna Dybiec
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

Italy in perspective of Dickens and the 19th century Polish writersAbstractThe paper analyzes the way Italy is presented in Dickens’, Kremer’s and Kraszewski’stravelogues and works. They sometimes construct their image of Italy from differentperspectives applying various types of texts and stylistic devices. Special attention was givento similarities and differences between three images of Italy in the 19th century literature.Theoretical aspects of Grand Tour and Dickens’ travel to Italy are shortly discussed.Keywords: Pictures from Italy, Charles Dickens, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Józef Kremer,travelogues, pictures of Italy

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Peculiarity Parameters

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
H. M. Maitzen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Rotator Model ◽  
Peculiar Behaviour ◽  
Field Spectrum ◽  
Oblique Rotator ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
The Way

Ap stars are peculiar in many aspects. During this century astronomers have been trying to collect data about these and have found a confusing variety of peculiar behaviour even from star to star that Struve stated in 1942 that at least we know that these phenomena are not supernatural. A real push to start deeper theoretical work on Ap stars was given by an additional observational evidence, namely the discovery of magnetic fields on these stars by Babcock (1947). This originated the concept that magnetic fields are the cause for spectroscopic and photometric peculiarities. Great leaps for the astronomical mankind were the Oblique Rotator model by Stibbs (1950) and Deutsch (1954), which by the way provided mathematical tools for the later handling pulsar geometries, anti the discovery of phase coincidence of the extrema of magnetic field, spectrum and photometric variations (e.g. Jarzebowski, 1960).

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