Multi-level sensorimotor interactions

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 906-907
Author(s):  
Stefan Vogt ◽  
Heiko Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Perception And Action ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Action Preparation ◽  
Sensorimotor Interactions ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels

We share the authors' general approach to the study of perception and action, but rather than singling out a particular level of “late perceptual” and “early motor” processing for sensorimotor interactions, we argue that these can arise at multiple levels during action preparation and execution. Recent data on action-perception transfer are used to illustrate this perspective.

The Consequences of Accounting Failure for Innovation: A Multi-Level Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Megan F. Hess ◽  
Andrew M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Firm Level ◽  
Psychological Response ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Threat Rigidity ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Financial Misconduct ◽  
Public Disclosures ◽  
Level Analysis

SYNOPSIS In this study, we investigate the relation between accounting failure and innovation at multiple levels in an organization by developing and testing a model for how top executives and functional managers might change their risk preferences and their innovation investments in response to public disclosures of financial misconduct. At the firm level, we find that accounting failures reduce subsequent investments in R&D, as predicted by a threat rigidity (“play it safe”) psychological response among top executives. At the project level, accounting failures have the opposite effect, resulting in an increase in the number of exploratory projects, as predicted by a failure trap (“swing for the fences”) psychological response among functional managers. Unpacking this relation at multiple levels of analysis helps us to understand the complex ways in which financial misconduct shapes a firm's innovation activities and appreciate the far-reaching consequences of accounting failure.

scholarly journals Dynamic Interactions between Emotion Perception and Action Preparation for Reacting to Social Threat: A Combined cTBS-fMRI Study

eNeuro ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. ENEURO.0408-17.2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahnée Engelen ◽  
Minye Zhan ◽  
Alexander T. Sack ◽  
Beatrice de Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Perception And Action ◽  
Emotion Perception ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Action Preparation

scholarly journals Who are "the people" in the German Constitution? A critique of , and contribution to , the debate about the right of foreigners to vote in multilevel democracies

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Bäumler
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The People ◽  
German Constitution ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Right To Vote ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Democracy means power to the people, but it is not always clear who belongs to "the people". The question has become pertinent in the age of migration where large groups of foreigners permanently reside outside their countries of nationality. The economic, cultural, and political integration of these foreigners is one of the pressing problems faced by democratic States in both the developed and developing worlds. One question is : whether resident non-citizens should be granted the right to vote. The answer to this question depends on who belongs to "the people". In federal and quasi-federal States with multiple levels of government the further question arises : whether "the people" is a homogenous concept that applies uniformly across all levels of government. This article contributes to the debate about the right of foreigners to vote in democratic States with multiple levels of government, such as, South Africa and Kenya. It does so by discussing the German response to the problems mentioned above. The dominant view of the German Federal Constitutional Court since the 1990s has been that "the people" only includes "German citizens" , and that attempts by lower levels of government to extend the right to vote to foreigners from Africa and elsewhere are unconstitutional. In this article I explore and critique this conventional view. I then present a positive case for the extension of voting rights to resident non-citizens under the German Constitution. Many of the arguments would apply with equal force to the debate about the right to vote of foreigners in African multi-level democracies, such as, South Africa and Kenya. Keywords: Denizenship, Citizenship, Voting rights, Nationality law, Multi-level government, The people, Foreigners, Residents, Affected persons principle, Democracy.

Numbers in action

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Burr ◽  
Giovanni Anobile ◽  
Elisa Castaldi ◽  
Roberto Arrighi
Keyword(s):  
Perception And Action ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Action Preparation ◽  
Numerosity Estimation ◽  
And Control

Abstract To understand the number sense, we need to understand its function. We argue that numerosity estimation is fundamental not only for perception, but also preparation and control of action. We outline experiments that link numerosity estimation with action, pointing to a generalized numerosity system that serves both perception and action preparation.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect effects of chemical contaminants on the behaviour, ecology and evolution of wildlife

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20181297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Saaristo ◽  
Tomas Brodin ◽  
Sigal Balshine ◽  
Michael G. Bertram ◽  
Bryan W. Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Sensitive Tool ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels

Chemical contaminants (e.g. metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals) are changing ecosystems via effects on wildlife. Indeed, recent work explicitly performed under environmentally realistic conditions reveals that chemical contaminants can have both direct and indirect effects at multiple levels of organization by influencing animal behaviour. Altered behaviour reflects multiple physiological changes and links individual- to population-level processes, thereby representing a sensitive tool for holistically assessing impacts of environmentally relevant contaminant concentrations. Here, we show that even if direct effects of contaminants on behavioural responses are reasonably well documented, there are significant knowledge gaps in understanding both the plasticity (i.e. individual variation) and evolution of contaminant-induced behavioural changes. We explore implications of multi-level processes by developing a conceptual framework that integrates direct and indirect effects on behaviour under environmentally realistic contexts. Our framework illustrates how sublethal behavioural effects of contaminants can be both negative and positive, varying dynamically within the same individuals and populations. This is because linkages within communities will act indirectly to alter and even magnify contaminant-induced effects. Given the increasing pressure on wildlife and ecosystems from chemical pollution, we argue there is a need to incorporate existing knowledge in ecology and evolution to improve ecological hazard and risk assessments.

scholarly journals A Multi-Level Approach to Waste Object Segmentation

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3816
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Yuanzheng Cai ◽  
Lingyu Liang ◽  
Dongyi Ye
Keyword(s):  
Random Field ◽  
Object Segmentation ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Conditional Random Field ◽  
Depth Image ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Potential Object

We address the problem of localizing waste objects from a color image and an optional depth image, which is a key perception component for robotic interaction with such objects. Specifically, our method integrates the intensity and depth information at multiple levels of spatial granularity. Firstly, a scene-level deep network produces an initial coarse segmentation, based on which we select a few potential object regions to zoom in and perform fine segmentation. The results of the above steps are further integrated into a densely connected conditional random field that learns to respect the appearance, depth, and spatial affinities with pixel-level accuracy. In addition, we create a new RGBD waste object segmentation dataset, MJU-Waste, that is made public to facilitate future research in this area. The efficacy of our method is validated on both MJU-Waste and the Trash Annotation in Context (TACO) dataset.

scholarly journals Disambiguating “Mechanisms” in Pharmacy: Lessons from Mechanist Philosophy of Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yaman Abdin ◽  
Claus Jacob ◽  
Lena Kästner
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Diagrams ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
In Vivo Effects ◽  
Shed Light

Talk of mechanisms is ubiquitous in the natural sciences. Interdisciplinary fields such as biochemistry and pharmacy frequently discuss mechanisms with the assistance of diagrams. Such diagrams usually depict entities as structures or boxes and activities or interactions as arrows. While some of these arrows may indicate causal or componential relations, others may represent temporal or operational orders. Importantly, what kind of relation an arrow represents may not only vary with context but also be underdetermined by empirical data. In this manuscript, we investigate how an analysis of pharmacological mechanisms in terms of producing and underlying mechanisms—as discussed in the contemporary philosophy of science—may shed light on these issues. Specifically, we shall argue that while pharmacokinetic mechanisms usually describe causal chains of production, pharmacodynamics tends to focus on mechanisms of action underlying the in vivo effects of a drug. Considering the action of thyroid gland hormones in the human body as a case study, we further demonstrate that pharmacodynamic schemes tend to incorporate entities and interactions on multiple levels. Yet, traditional pharmacodynamic schemes are sketched “flat”, i.e., non-hierarchically. We suggest that transforming flat pharmacodynamic schemes into mechanistic multi-level representations may assist in disentangling the different kinds of mechanisms and relations depicted by arrows in flat schemes. The resulting Baumkuchen model provides a powerful and practical alternative to traditional flat schemes, as it explicates the relevant mechanisms and relations more clearly. On a more general note, our discussion demonstrates how pharmacology and related disciplines may benefit from applying concepts from the new mechanist philosophy to guide the interpretation of scientific diagrams.

Frequency Window Implementation of Adaptive Multi-Level Substructuring

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Bennighof ◽  
M. F. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Adaptive Procedure ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Frequency Window ◽  
Efficient Representation ◽  
Multiple Levels

Adaptive multi-level substructuring (AMLS) is a method for reducing the order of a complex structure’s finite element model by orders of magnitude, while ensuring that the accuracy available from the original model is preserved. A structure’s finite element model is transformed to a much more efficient representation in terms of approximate vibration modes for substructures on multiple levels. An adaptive procedure constructs an optimal model for satisfying a user-specified error tolerance, by determining which modes should be included in the model. In this paper, a frequency window implementation of AMLS is developed, in which frequency response analysis can be done over a frequency window at little additional cost beyond that of the center frequency solution. A numerical example is presented.

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