Both rules and associations are required to predict human behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
I. P. L. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Human Learning ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Way

AbstractI argue that the dual-process account of human learning rejected by Mitchell et al. in the target article is informative and predictive with respect to human behaviour in a way that the authors' purely propositional account is not. Experiments that reveal different patterns of results under conditions that favour either associative or rule-based performance are the way forward.

Morphological generalization in heritage speakers: The Turkish aorist

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110592
Author(s):  
Serkan Uygun ◽  
Lara Schwarz ◽  
Harald Clahsen
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Way

Heritage speakers (HS) have been shown to experience difficulties with inflectional morphology (particularly with irregular morphology) and to frequently overapply regular morphology. The present study seeks to get further insight into the inflectional processes of HS by investigating how these are generalized to nonce words in language production, the first study of this kind for heritage Turkish. We specifically examined morphological generalization processes in the Turkish aorist which – unusual for this language – includes both regular and irregular forms. A written elicited-production experiment containing nonce verbs with varying degrees of similarity to existing verbs was administered to Turkish HS and native monolingually-raised Turkish speakers (MS). We also explored how well a formal model that was trained on a large lexical corpus of Turkish matches the human speakers’ performance. Our main finding is that HS employ both similarity-based and rule-based mechanisms for morphological generalization of the Turkish aorist, with subtle differences to the way these mechanisms are applied by Turkish MS.

Concealment and revelation as bureaucratic and ethnographic practice: Lessons from Tunisian prisons

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Jefferson ◽  
Bethany E Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Research Team ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Institutional Interaction ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Prison Life ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Preparatory Work ◽  
The Way

Drawing on preparatory work for a study of prison life in Tunisia, this article explores the twin practices of concealing and revealing that are common features of bureaucratic and ethnographic practice. Insights from the anthropology of bureaucracy and secrecy are brought into conversation with the experience of prison ethnographers (seasoned and novice) to illuminate the way prisons as peculiar sites of rule-based domination call for a particular hyper-reflexive methodological approach best understood as ‘craft’. The encounter between research team and prison bureaucracy is documented, and its multi-layered quality illustrated with descriptions of interactions in three prisons and at prison headquarters. This hesitant, slowly unfolding, constrained and contingent negotiation of boundaries is characterised as a gradual sharing of secrets where the configuration of our relationship with gatekeepers – with whom we shared and who shared with us – is highly instructive about prison life, bureaucratic practice and ethnography. The article demonstrates the fundamental role of practices of concealment and revelation in human and institutional interaction.

Empirical dissociations between rule-based and similarity-based categorization

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Ashby ◽  
Michael B. Casale
Keyword(s):  
Category Learning ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Target Article

The target article postulates that rule-based and similarity-based categorization are best described by a unitary process. A number of recent empirical dissociations between rule-based and similarity-based categorization severely challenge this view. Collectively, these new results provide strong evidence that these two types of category learning are mediated by separate systems.

Advancing the rationality debate

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith E. Stanovich ◽  
Richard F. West
Keyword(s):  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Behavioral Regulation ◽  
Thinking Dispositions ◽  
Target Article ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

In this response, we clarify several misunderstandings of the understanding/acceptance principle and defend our specific operationalization of that principle. We reiterate the importance of addressing the problem of rational task construal and we elaborate the notion of computational limitations contained in our target article. Our concept of thinking dispositions as variable intentional-level styles of epistemic and behavioral regulation is explained, as is its relation to the rationality debate. Many of the suggestions of the commentators for elaborating two-process models are easily integrated into our generic dual-process account. We further explicate how we view the relation between System 1 and System 2 and evolutionary and normative rationality. We clarify our attempt to fuse the contributions of the cognitive ecologists with the insights of the original heuristics and biases researchers.

scholarly journals Towards environmentally sustainable human behaviour: targeting non-conscious and conscious processes for effective and acceptable policies

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2095) ◽  
pp. 20160371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa M. Marteau
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Behavioural Science ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Public Acceptability ◽  
Conscious Processes

Meeting climate change targets to limit global warming to 2°C requires rapid and large reductions in demand for products that most contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These include production of bulk materials (e.g. steel and cement), energy supply (e.g. fossil fuels) and animal source foods (particularly ruminants and their products). Effective strategies to meet these targets require transformative changes in supply as well as demand, involving changes in economic, political and legal systems at local, national and international levels, building on evidence from many disciplines. This paper outlines contributions from behavioural science in reducing demand. Grounded in dual-process models of human behaviour (involving non-conscious and conscious processes) this paper considers first why interventions aimed at changing population values towards the environment are usually insufficient or unnecessary for reducing demand although they may be important in increasing public acceptability of policies that could reduce demand. It then outlines two sets of evidence from behavioural science towards effective systems-based strategies, to identify interventions likely to be effective at: (i) reducing demand for products that contribute most to GHG emissions, mainly targeting non-conscious processes and (ii) increasing public acceptability for policy changes to enable these interventions, targeting conscious processes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.

Impossible Ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-582
Author(s):  
Sarah Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Unconscious Processes ◽  
Analytic Relationship ◽  
Ethical Situation ◽  
The Way

The proper practice of psychoanalysis repudiates a rule-based code of ethical conduct. A conflict exists, however, between Freud’s rejection of the Biblical commandment to love one’s neighbor as oneself and his development of psychoanalytic techniques that demand something very much of this ilk. Other essential conflicts in analytic practice include the impossibility of removing the analyst’s desire from the analytic relationship, the unruly nature of unconscious processes in both analyst and analysand, and the après-coup nature of ethical recognition. A discourse of ethics is recommended in which analysts are called on to consider the ethical demands of each clinical moment. Ethical demands on the analysand, as well as the analyst, bring to light the way in which analysis rests on the foundational ethical situation into which humankind is born.

scholarly journals Metaphorical Words and Expressions: Film Review Based on the Dialogue in Puteri Gunung Ledang (The Princess of Mount Ledang)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Sharipah Nur Mursalina Syed Azmy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Film Review ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Way

This paper discusses the use of words and expressions in the metaphorical dialogues used in the film Puteri Gunung Ledang (PGL). The Malays are known for their gentle and amiable characters. These features include the way they speak. This can be observed when they covertly deliver messages in a conversation. The habit of not being straightforward and subtly conveying message are nurtured since a very young age. This act is regarded as a way of being courteous and practiced among themselves or others while communicating. As the result, the Malays often use metaphor in communication to make comparison on matters or things, covertly. Such comparison led to the use of different words comparing other things. Since the life of the Malays is heavily connected to their natural environment, they tend to interpret these elements in their daily use of language. In addition, this study has discovered that the Malays are really close with their natural environment. These relationships were expressed through the use of figurative language with words and phrases that are environment-oriented. The use of words oriented by anatomy, natural environment, flora and fauna, behaviour, jewellery and food is distributed as metaphor in PGL movie. These are the elements related to the natural human environment. In fact, due to this close connection, it was found that the Malays feel comfortable to relate these elements with nature and human behaviour in life.

Comment: The Filling of Wine Bottles Is Not Easy

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Jenson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Concepts do not travel; theories do. The distinction is an important one because the concept party identification and its measurement in different contexts provides students of voting with one of a class of problems in comparative analysis. Comparative analysis implies a search for and the development of general laws about human behaviour, laws which are valid across political systems. The way that this search is carried out is through the development, confirmation, and modification of theory. One such theoretical exchange has involved explanations of voting and a major concept in these theories has been “party identification.” The concept is controversial to the extent both that different theories describe it and its role differently and that variations have been observed in patterns of the relationship between some aspects of party identification and political behaviour. However, the role of theory and its status in analysis is problematical in David Elkins' “Party Identification: A Conceptual Analysis.” Comparative analysis requires, first and foremost, that the theory within which any concept is located be specified.

scholarly journals The impact of the digital order on sensemaking and being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The digital order refers to a culture that is profoundly shaped by digital technologies. The digital order is reshaping the way we comprehend and communicate as we adapt ourselves to the affordances of those tools. The role of the digital order in human development and it ultimate consequences remains unknowable; however, it is crucial that we have an awareness of its impact and are able to envision its possible effects on human behaviour and culture. To survive in such a moment of evolution, it is essential to be able to navigate in an informed manner one’s own position in the digital space. This paper examines the nature of individual empowerment within this space, asserts the significance of human will and discusses the methods to utilize this technology in a beneficial way.

scholarly journals Marvel Cinematic Universe Introductions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Marvel Cinematic Universe ◽  
The Way

Petrinovich’s target article focused on how behavioral science is done, including how it is often done wrong, and how it should be done. I identify another malign influence on behavioral science, which, so far as I know, has, until now, been ignored (I would be happy to be shown that I am wrong on this). To wit, the way that Introductions to papers are written creates a niche that can be exploited for the purposes of promoting one’s work to obtain resources or status, or for self-aggrandizement. I offer a few, probably wrongheaded, suggestions for ending this practice.

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