Slippery platform: The role of automatic and intentional processes in testing the effect of notation

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 328-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Algom
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Passive Viewing

AbstractThe type of processing of numerical dimensions varies greatly and is governed by context. Considering this flexibility in tandem with a fuzzy demarcation line between automatic and intentional processes, it is suggested that testing the effect of notation should not be confined to automatic processing, in particular to passive viewing. Recent behavioral data satisfying the authors' stipulations reveal a considerable, though perhaps not exclusive, core of common abstract processing.

The Local Sanarelli-Shwartzman Phenomenon in Rats Induced by Human Leukaemic Cells

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 353-362
Author(s):  
J Lisiewicz ◽  
A Pituch ◽  
J. A Litwin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukaemia ◽  
Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Leukaemic Cells ◽  
Shwartzman Phenomenon

SummaryThe local Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon (SSP-L) in the skin of 30 rats was induced by an intr a cutaneous sensitizing injection of leukaemic leucocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AL) and chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and challenged by an intravenous injection of 100(μ of E. coli endotoxin. SSP-L was observed in 7 rats after injection of CLL lymphocytes and in 6 and 2 rats after AL myeloblasts and the CGL granulocytes, respectively. The lesions in the skin after AL myeloblasts appeared in a shorter time and were of longer duration compared with those observed after CLL lymphocytes and CGL granulocytes. Histologically, the lesions consisted of areas of destruction in the superficial layers of the skin ; the demarcation line showed the presence of neutrophils, macrophages and erythrocytes. Haemorrhages and fibrin deposits near the demarcation line were larger after injection of CLL lymphocytes and AL myeloblasts than after CGL granulocytes. The possible role of leucocyte procoagulative substances in the differences observed have been discussed.

Social Olfaction: A Review of the Role of Olfaction in a Variety of Animal Behaviors

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lou Cheal ◽  
Richard L. Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Animal Behaviors ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Behavior Of Animals

Behavioral olfactory experiments were reviewed, relating the behavioral effects of pheromones to the psychophysical work in olfaction. Short descriptions of various experiments were used to show the importance of olfaction to the social behavior of animals by tracing the history of the experimental evidence and viewing the behavioral data pertaining to the discharge of pheromones and their effects and to look at the psychophysical evidence for olfactory acuity and the behavioral implications for the role of the physiological structures in olfaction.

From riskier to safer driving decisions: The role of feedback and the experiential automatic processing system

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
A. Maldonado ◽  
M.A. Torres ◽  
A. Catena ◽  
A. Cándido ◽  
A. Megías-Robles
Keyword(s):  
Processing System ◽  
Automatic Processing

The Role of Hand Movement in Spatial Serial Order Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-335
Author(s):  
Yangke Zhao ◽  
Chuansheng Chen ◽  
Xiuying Qian
Keyword(s):  
Hand Movement ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Backward Recall ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
Memory Experiment ◽  
Serial Order Memory

Abstract Research on serial order memory has traditionally used tasks where participants passively view the items. A few studies that included hand movement showed that such movement interfered with serial order memory. In the present study of three experiments, we investigated whether and how hand movements improved spatial serial order memory. Experiment 1 showed that manual tracing (i.e., hand movements that traced the presentation of stimuli on the modified eCorsi block tapping task) improved the performance of backward recall as compared to no manual tracing (the control condition). Experiment 2 showed that the facilitation effect resulted from voluntary hand movements and could not be achieved via passive viewing of another person’s manual tracing. Experiment 3 showed that it was the temporal, not the spatial, signal within manual tracing that facilitated spatial serial memory.

Factors Influencing the Development and Transfer of Automatic Processing

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (19) ◽  
pp. 1248-1252
Author(s):  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
David L. Strayer ◽  
Jean Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Positive Transfer ◽  
General Process ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Individual Task ◽  
Consistent Mapping

A study was performed to examine the role of consistency in the development and transfer of automatic processing. Subjects performed a rule-based memory search task in which they compared multidimensional probes to either one, two or three memory set rules. Results indicated that learning occurred in the absence of consistency at lower levels of task description (e.g. mappping of individual task components to responses) as long as higher level consistencies existed in the task (e.g. consistent mapping of task components to a conceptual framework). High positive transfer was obtained despite replacement of the exemplars of the memory set rules, suggesting that learning was not specific to the items encountered during training. On the other hand, the magnitude of positive transfer was reduced when the rules were replaced suggesting that most of the learning took place at the level of specific rules. Some evidence was also obtained for more general process-based learning.

scholarly journals Phage Mediate Bacterial Self Recognition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sooyeon Song ◽  
Yunxue Guo ◽  
Jun-Seob Kim ◽  
Xiaoxue Wang ◽  
Thomas K. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
The Family ◽  
K 12

AbstractCells are social, and self-recognition is an important and conserved aspect of group behavior where cells assist kin and antagonize non-kin to conduct group behavior such as foraging for food and biofilm formation. However, the role of the common bacterial cohabitant, phage, in kin recognition, has not been explored. Here we find that a boundary (demarcation line) is formed between different swimmingEscherichia colistrains but not between identical clones; hence, motile bacterial cells discriminate between self and non-self. The basis for this self-recognition is a novel, 49 kb, T1-type, lytic phage of the family siphoviridae (named here SW1) that controls formation of the demarcation line by utilizing one of the host’s cryptic prophage proteins, YfdM, to propagate. Critically, SW1 increases the fitness ofE. coliK-12 compared to the identical strain that lacks the phage. Therefore, bacteria use phage to recognize kin.

scholarly journals Biased Maintenance of Attention on Sad Faces in Clinically Depressed Youth: An Eye-Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Buhl ◽  
Anca Sfärlea ◽  
Johanna Loechner ◽  
Kornelija Starman-Wöhrle ◽  
Elske Salemink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Youth Depression ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
Clinically Depressed

AbstractThe role of negative attention biases (AB), central to cognitive models of adult depression, is yet unclear in youth depression. We investigated negative AB in depressed compared to healthy youth and tested whether AB are more pronounced in depressed than at-risk youth. Negative AB was assessed for sad and angry faces with an eye-tracking paradigm [Passive Viewing Task (PVT)] and a behavioural task [Visual Search Task (VST)], comparing three groups of 9–14-year-olds: youth with major depression (MD; n = 32), youth with depressed parents (high-risk; HR; n = 49) and youth with healthy parents (low-risk; LR; n = 42). The PVT revealed MD participants to maintain attention longer on sad faces compared to HR, but not LR participants. This AB correlated positively with depressive symptoms. The VST revealed no group differences. Our results provide preliminary evidence for a negative AB in maintenance of attention on disorder-specific emotional information in depressed compared to at-risk youth.

Emotional Oddball: A Review on Variants, Results, and Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Schlüter ◽  
Christina Bermeitinger
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Clinical Populations

It is of the utmost importance for an organism to rapidly detect and react to changes in its environment. The oddball paradigm has repeatedly been used to explore the underlying cognitive and neurophysiological components of change detection. It is also used to investigate the special role of emotional content in perception and attention (emotional oddball paradigm; EOP). In this article, the EOP is systematically reviewed. The EOP is, for instance, used as a tool to address questions as to what degree emotional deviant stimuli trigger orientation reactions, which role the emotional context plays in the processing of deviant information, and how the processing of emotional deviant information differs interindividually (including clinical populations). Two main variants with regard to the emotionality of standards and deviants are defined. Most of the identified EOP studies report EEG data but an overview of behavioral data is also provided in this review. We integrate evidence from 99 EOP experiments and shape the EOP's theoretical background under the consideration of other paradigms’ mechanisms and theories.

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