What the replication reformation wrought

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000857 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Barbara A. Spellman ◽

Daniel Kahneman

Keyword(s):

Reform Movement ◽

Short Time

AbstractReplication failures were among the triggers of a reform movement which, in a very short time, has been enormously useful in raising standards and improving methods. As a result, the massive multilab multi-experiment replication projects have served their purpose and will die out. We describe other types of replications – both friendly and adversarial – that should continue to be beneficial.

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Why the Reformation Failed in Ireland: Une Question Mal Posée

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History ◽

10.1017/s0022046900029183 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 423-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nicholas Canny

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Necessary Conditions ◽

European History ◽

Reform Movement ◽

Fundamental Issue ◽

Irish Society ◽

Native Population ◽

Irish History ◽

The Reformation ◽

Short Time

The question of why the Reformation failed to win any significant number of adherents from among the native population in Ireland has, since the nineteenth century, been posed frequently by historians and, until very recently, the question has been accepted as valid and the answers provided have generally been considered plausible. That the problem of the Reformation in Ireland should be approached in this way is at least a concession by scholars that Irish history is a part of European history and that Irish society has always been influenced to some degree by general European movements. Historical practice has unfortunately not conformed with appearance, and historians have lost sight of the broad comparative perspective implied in the question and, as a consequence, have shirked the fundamental issue of whether or not a reform movement developed within Ireland, or whether the necessary conditions for such a development existed. Instead, the problem has been pondered almost exclusively within the context of the Reformation in England with die result that historians, while appearing to be embarked upon a general discussion of the pre-conditions for reformation, have in fact confined their attention to the much more specific issue of why measures which in a relatively short time produced a solidly Protestant society in England failed to achieve anything like the same result in Ireland.

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Periodic Variations in the Coronal Green Line Intensity and their Connection with the White-light Coronal Structures

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064484 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 197-200

Author(s):

Milan Minarovjech ◽

Milan Rybanský ◽

Vojtech Rušin

Keyword(s):

Time Resolution ◽

White Light ◽

Short Time Scale ◽

High Time Resolution ◽

Green Line ◽

Periodic Intensity ◽

Coronal Green Line ◽

Significant Intensity ◽

Short Time ◽

Coronal Structures

AbstractWe present an analysis of short time-scale intensity variations in the coronal green line as obtained with high time resolution observations. The observed data can be divided into two groups. The first one shows periodic intensity variations with a period of 5 min. the second one does not show any significant intensity variations. We studied the relation between regions of coronal intensity oscillations and the shape of white-light coronal structures. We found that the coronal green-line oscillations occur mainly in regions where open white-light coronal structures are located.

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Destruction of Actin Filaments by Osmium Tetroxide

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079772 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 466-467

Author(s):

P. Maupin-Szamier ◽

T. D. Pollard

Keyword(s):

Actin Filaments ◽

Time Course ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Rabbit Muscle ◽

Muscle Actin ◽

Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

The Difference ◽

Rates Of Decay ◽

Short Time

We have studied the destruction of rabbit muscle actin filaments by osmium tetroxide (OSO4) to develop methods which will preserve the structure of actin filaments during preparation for transmission electron microscopy.Negatively stained F-actin, which appears as smooth, gently curved filaments in control samples (Fig. 1a), acquire an angular, distorted profile and break into progressively shorter pieces after exposure to OSO4 (Fig. 1b,c). We followed the time course of the reaction with viscometry since it is a simple, quantitative method to assess filament integrity. The difference in rates of decay in viscosity of polymerized actin solutions after the addition of four concentrations of OSO4 is illustrated in Fig. 2. Viscometry indicated that the rate of actin filament destruction is also dependent upon temperature, buffer type, buffer concentration, and pH, and requires the continued presence of OSO4. The conditions most favorable to filament preservation are fixation in a low concentration of OSO4 for a short time at 0°C in 100mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0.

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Effect of a Complex Heat Treatment on the Structure of 300M Steel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100098071 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 312-313

Author(s):

R. Padmanabhan ◽

W. E. Wood

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Metal Carbides ◽

Austenite Grain Size ◽

300M Steel ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Strain Fracture ◽

Prior Austenite Grain Size ◽

Short Time ◽

Final Tempering ◽

Similar Yield

Intermediate high temperature tempering prior to subsequent reaustenitization has been shown to double the plane strain fracture toughness as compared to conventionally heat treated UHSLA steels, at similar yield strength levels. The precipitation (during tempering) of metal carbides and their subsequent partial redissolution and refinement (during reaustenitization), in addition to the reduction in the prior austenite grain size during the cycling operation have all been suggested to contribute to the observed improvement in the mechanical properties. In this investigation, 300M steel was initially austenitized at 1143°K and then subjected to intermediate tempering at 923°K for 1 hr. before reaustenitizing at 1123°K for a short time and final tempering at 583°K. The changes in the microstructure responsible for the improvement in the properties have been studied and compared with conventionally heat treated steel. Fig. 1 shows interlath films of retained austenite produced during conventionally heat treatment.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy of an Aluminum-Silver-Stainless Steel Solid State Bond

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100117832 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 172-173

Author(s):

M. J. Carr ◽

J. F. Shewbridge ◽

T. O. Wilford

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Solid State ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Dimensional Control ◽

Tem Analysis ◽

Metal Parts ◽

Dissimilar Metal ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Short Time

Strong solid state bonds are routinely produced between physical vapor deposited (PVD) silver coatings deposited on sputter cleaned surfaces of two dissimilar metal parts. The low temperature (200°C) and short time (10 min) used in the bonding cycle are advantageous from the standpoint of productivity and dimensional control. These conditions unfortunately produce no microstructural changes at or near the interface that are detectable by optical, SEM, or microprobe examination. Microstructural problems arising at these interfaces could therefore easily go undetected by these techniques. TEM analysis has not been previously applied to this problem because of the difficulty in specimen preparation. The purpose of this paper is to describe our technique for preparing specimens from solid state bonds and to present our initial observations of the microstructural details of such bonds.

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Electronmicroscopic localization of ribonucleic acids in ciliate Bursaria truncatella during cell division

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100158200 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 132-133

Author(s):

Vladimir Popenko ◽

Natalya Cherny ◽

Maria Yakovleva

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

High Specificity ◽

Longitudinal Axis ◽

Gold Complexes ◽

Somatic Nucleus ◽

Ribonucleic Acids ◽

Biological Meaning ◽

Bivalent Cations ◽

Lowicryl K4m ◽

Short Time

Highly polyploid somatic nucleus (macronucleus) of ciliate Bursaria truncatella under goes severe changes in morphology during cell division. At first, macronucleus (Ma) condences, diminishes in size and turns perpendicular to longitudinal axis of the cell. After short time, Ma turns again, elongates and only afterwards the process of division itself occurs. The biological meaning of these phenomena is not clear.Localization of RNA in the cells was performed on sections of ciliates B. truncatella, embedded in “Lowicryl K4M” at various stages: (1) before cell division (Figs. 2,3); (11) at the stage of macronucleus condensation; (111) during elongation of Ma (Fig.4); (1111) in young cells (0-5min. after division). For cytochemical labelling we used RNaseAcolloidal gold complexes (RNase-Au), which are known to bind to RNA containing cell ularstructures with high specificity. The influence of different parameters on the reliability and reproducibility of labelling was studied. In addition to the factors, discussed elsewhere, we found that the balance of mono- and bivalent cations is of great significance.

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