Age Specific and Differential Fertility in Durham and Easington Registration Districts, England, 1851 and 1861

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Haines
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Decline ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
Indirect Standardization ◽  
Data Constraints

The current interest in fertility decline and the demographic transition has led to extensive study of the secular decline of fertility in countries and sub-regions of presently low fertility. Extensive work has been completed or is underway regarding Europe in connection with Ansley Coale’s European Fertility Project. In addition, considerable attention has been paid to fertility in the demographic experience of the United States, and to other areas which have experienced fertility decline. One problem with most historical fertility studies is that they lack data on age-specific fertility and also on fertility differentials. So, for example, the European Fertility Project has relied on a form of indirect standardization, the indices of overall fertility (If), marital fertility (Ig), illegitimate fertility (Ih), and proportions married (Im), to compensate for the lack of age-specific data. There are similar historical data constraints on some types of differential fertility categorizations (e.g., social class, literacy, occupation, nativity).

scholarly journals THE FERTILITY DECLINE IN THE UNITED STATES: SCHOOLING AND INCOME

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1584-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper Worm Hansen ◽  
Peter Sandholt Jensen ◽  
Lars Lønstrup
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
Per Capita

This study investigates the determinants of the fertility transition in the United States from 1850 to the end of the 20th century. We find a robust negative relation between years of schooling and fertility. The magnitude of our baseline estimate suggests that the rise in schooling accounts for about 60% of the US fertility decline. In contrast, we find no evidence of a robust relation between income per capita and fertility. This pattern corroborates theories stressing the importance of human capital investments in generating a transition from high to low fertility.

Differential fertility in the United States, 1980: continuity or change?

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Wineberg ◽  
James McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fertility Expectations ◽  
Fertility Differentials

SummaryThis paper considers how changes in women's socio-cultural characteristics have influenced recent patterns of differential fertility in the United States and whether the convergence of fertility differentials observed up to 1970 has continued. Analysis of data from the June 1980 United States Current Population Survey, suggests that there has been no change in differential fertility in recent years. Age at first birth, length of first birth interval, income and education were all negatively associated with fertility, among both older and younger women. When fertility expectations were examined, however, the association of the independent variables with expected completed fertility was weaker among younger women, indicating that there has been some convergence in expected completed fertility. Further narrowing of differentials in actual fertility depends on how successful the younger women are in preventing future unplanned births.

Fertility and Occupation: Mining Districts in Prewar Japan

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-315
Author(s):  
Carl Mosk
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Constrained Choice ◽  
Mining Districts

Many theories of demographic transition stem from attempts to explain fertility differentials across economic and social groups. These differentials typically emerge once a decline in natality commences. Thus it is commonly observed that the fertility of urban populations falls short of that recorded for agricultural districts, that the upper classes tend to precede the working classes in the adaptation of family limitation, and the like. These observations are, in turn, used to justify economic and sociological theories which, by associating both social status and economic costs and benefits with occupation and residence, account for the fertility decline in terms of status and constrained choice.

DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH STATUS RISK FACTORS IN CHILDBEARING AMONG INDIAN WOMEN. EVIDENCE FROM HOSPITAL DATA FOR THE LATER STAGES OF FERTILITY DECLINE

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRSTY MCNAY
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Poor Health Status ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Increase In Risk

Indirect estimates of maternal mortality in India indicate that fertility decline has reduced maternal deaths by reducing the frequency of pregnancy and childbirth. The earlier stages of fertility decline are also likely to have lowered maternal mortality by reducing the risk of pregnancy and childbirth as the proportion of births among risky multiparous, older women declines. However, further fertility decline may well be associated with some increase in risk. Risk will also remain high if the health status of Indian girls and women remains poor. This study uses a sample of maternal deaths and deliveries among patients who survived which occurred in Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat during 1982–1993 to investigate these issues further. The women in the sample have relatively low fertility and represent a fairly late stage of fertility decline. They also have persistently poor health status. Logit regression analysis reveals that although fertility decline is associated with some increase in risk, poor health status is the more important maternal mortality risk factor. Without attention to female health, even childbearing among expectant mothers with low fertility continues to be hazardous.

scholarly journals Analysis of Latin American Fertility in Terms of Probable Social Classes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Felipe Castro Torres
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Ideational Change ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Theories of demographic change have not paid enough attention to how factors associated with fertility decline play different roles across social classes that are defined multidimensionally. I use a multidimensional definition of social class along with information on the reproductive histories of women born between 1920 and 1965 in six Latin American countries to show the following: the enduring connection between social stratification and fertility differentials, the concomitance of diverse fertility decline trajectories by class, and the role of within- and between-class social distances in promoting/preventing ideational change towards the acceptance of lower fertility. These results enable me to revisit the scope of theories of fertility change and to provide an explanatory narrative centred on empirically constructed social classes (probable social classes) and the macro- and micro-level conditions that influenced their life courses. I use 21 census samples collected between 1970 and 2005 in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay.

Childless and One-Child Families in the Soviet Union

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
JERRY G. PANKHURST
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Structural Explanation ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Single Child ◽  
Demographic Policy

Soviet authorities have recently initiated a demographic policy aimed particularly at reducing the levels of childless and one-child families. An examination of available data indicates that the USSR has a level of childlessness equivalent to that of the United States, but a frequency of one-child families that is considerably greater. Popular explanations for very low fertility, such as inadequate housing or finances, do not explain the decision to remain childless or to stop childbearing after a single child is born. Furthermore, the effects of education and female labor force participation are mediated by cultural factors. It is these cultural factors that seem to differentiate among zero-, one-, and two-child families. In the Soviet case, the most appropriate policy tool for intervention in such cultural processes is propaganda, but such a value-transformation approach is more complex and unpredictable than a structural approach. Nevertheless, a structural explanation for fertility decline is inadequate for this situation.

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