scholarly journals Anchors of Colonial Rule: Pluralistic Courts in Java, ca. 1803–1848

Itinerario ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Ravensbergen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Local Dynamics ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Local Actors

Through an institutional approach and by focusing on long-term developments, this article offers a genealogy of the pluralistic character of thelandraad(regional colonial court) in colonial Java. It argues that the pluralistic landraden—consisting of a Dutch president, Javanese judges, a local prosecutor, and Islamic and Chinese advisers—were crucial to the process of colonial state formation. This long-term process reflects continuities rather than rupture and change between the era of the VOC and the nineteenth-century developing colonial state. The spatial sites of the landraden reveal not only the conflicts between several layers, institutions, and individuals in the process of colonial state formation but also the importance of local actors in this process. Local dynamics as well as tensions between the various layers of the colonial state, which were striving either for uniformity or for the maintenance of local pluralities, provide insights into the complex formation processes of dual rule from below.

scholarly journals SOUTH SUDANESE ARABIC AND THE NEGOTIATION OF THE LOCAL STATE, c. 1840–2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherry Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Local State ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
South Sudanese ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple Actors

AbstractThis article explores the history of the creole South Sudanese Arabic language from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. It analyses the historical evidence of language use in the light of insights drawn from linguistic studies of creolisation to argue that South Sudanese Arabic became an innovative and necessary means of communication among multiple actors within new fields of interaction. The article argues that these fields of interaction were both the product and the arena of local state formation. Rather than marking the boundary of the state, the spread of this creole language indicates the enlarging arenas of participation in the local state. The development and use of South Sudanese Arabic as an unofficial lingua franca of local government, trade, and urbanisation demonstrates that communication and negotiation among local actors has been central to the long-term processes of state formation in South Sudan.

To Wassa Fiase for Gold: Rethinking Colonial Rule, El Dorado, Antislavery, and Chieftaincy in the Gold Coast (Ghana), 1874–1895

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 11-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
El Dorado

In a recent book, El Dorado in West Africa, Raymond E. Dumett examines the history of gold-mining in Wassa Fiase in the Western Province of the Gold Coast during the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Among other thematic preoccupations, Dumett argues that until the late 1890s the British colonial authorities did very little to encourage capitalist gold-mining in Wassa Fiase. Resurrecting the ghost of local crisis, he argues that the colonial intervention in Wassa Fiase was due to king Enimil Kwao's ineptitude, structural conflict inherent in chieftaincy, and problems of African rulers' territorial jurisdictions.Dumett also asserts that it was a forceful London-based antislavcry lobby and Governor George Strahan's tactlessness that drove the colonial state to intervene in Wassa Fiase. Although Britain was at the center stage of the unprecedented global commodification of gold in the late nineteenth century, Dumett evokes serendipity as the cause of the British colonial intervention in the gold-rich Wassa Fiase. Overall, his explication of the aims and processes of colonial rule in Wassa Fiase is couched in theses of an “unpredictable course” and “a government policy (more rather a nonpolicy) [sic] riddled with vacillation and half measures…”The first part of the present study reviews the literature, while the second section, based on new official sources and newspaper accounts, gives additional insights into Enimil Kwao's slave-dealing trial and his consequent exile to Lagos, hence reevaluates the objectives of the colonial state and the Colonial Office. The study complements the work of Francis Agbodeka and Paul Rosenblum, who have respectively argued that colonial rule in Wassa Fiase paved the way for capitalist gold-mining.

State Formation in Community Spaces? Decentralization of Control over Forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, India

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
British Government ◽  
Indian Himalaya ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Kumaon Himalaya ◽  
Community Spaces

In the early part of this century, 1916 and 1921 were especially dry years in the Kumaon region of the Indian Himalaya. In each of these years, forest fires racked the countryside, burning beyond the power of the colonial British government to control or extinguish. It was not just the dry weather that was to blame. Villagers in Kumaon set the forest on fire; the dry weather merely helped their efforts along. The containment of this “planned incendiarism” was one of the main planks of the scientific forestry that the colonial state had begun to introduce in the hills in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and especially from around 1910.

The Revival of Nyau and Changing Gender Relations in Early Colonial Central Malawi

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 319-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrina Kachapila
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Secret Society ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Christian Missionary

AbstractThis paper demonstrates how nyau (a male secret society) rede fined relations in Chewa matrilineages in accordance with developments that the Chewa witnessed from the mid-nineteenth century. Thanks to nyau and the relatively hands-off approach the colonial state adopted towards its activities, the Chewa matrilineal system survived the effects of the slave trade, Ngoni and Yao invasions, the spread of Christian missionary teachings, the imposition of colonial rule and the development of capitalism. Nyau accomplished this by ensuring that relations between Chewa men and women remained ambivalent and negotiable. Allowing men to ritually gain increased importance in nyau and indeed in Chewa communities at large not only gave power to men but also ensured their continued involvement in the matrilineages. So, while female prestige declined, as evidenced by the debasement of women by nyau, some important aspects of the matrilineal system, such as matrilocal marriage, were preserved.

Comparative Labelling and Biokinetic Studies of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn)

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Agha ◽  
R. B. R. Persson
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Reduction Step ◽  
Labelling Yield ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryGelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTcchelate and reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc in preparations of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The labelling yield of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) chelate was as high as 90—95% when 100 μmol EDTA · H4 and 0.5 (Amol SnCl2 was incubated with 10 ml 99mTceluate for 30—60 min at room temperature. The study of the influence of the pH-value on the fraction of 99mTc-EDTA shows that pH 2.8—2.9 gave the best labelling yield. In a comparative study of the labelling kinetics of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc- DTPA(Sn) at different temperatures (7, 22 and 37°C), no significant influence on the reduction step was found. The rate constant for complex formation, however, increased more rapidly with increased temperature for 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). At room temperature only a few minutes was required to achieve a high labelling yield with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) whereas about 60 min was required for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn). Comparative biokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the maximum activity in kidneys is achieved after 12 min with 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) but already after 6 min with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The long-term disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) from the kidneys is about five times faster than that for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn).

A Donor Influenced by Local Dynamics

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setsuko Matsuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Local Dynamics ◽  
Grant Program ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Research Interviews ◽  
National Model ◽  
Management Project ◽  
Development Discourses

This article explores the relations between a foreign aid donor and local actors in the context of the dissemination of development discourses and practices in an authoritarian context. It addresses the question “To what extent may the local dynamics alter the original goals of a donor and lead to unintended consequences?” Based on archival research, interviews, and secondary literature, this case study examines the Yunnan Uplands Management Project (YUM) in 1990–95, the Ford Foundation's first grant program on rural poverty alleviation in China. While the Foundation did not attain its main goal of making YUM a national model for poverty alleviation, the local actors were able to use YUM to develop individual capacities and to build roles for themselves as development actors in the form of associations and nongovernmental organizations, resulting in further support from the Foundation. The study contributes to our understanding of donor-local actor dynamics by highlighting the gaps between the original goals of a donor and the perspectives and motivations of local actors. The study suggests that local dynamics may influence the goals of donors and the ways they seek to disseminate development discourses and practices to local actors, despite the common conception of donors as hegemonic or culturally imperialistic.

Gran Paradiso: Erkenntnisse aus der sich natürlich regulierenden Steinbockpopulation|Gran Paradiso: Conclusions from the naturally regulated Capricorn population

2007 ◽  
Vol 158 (11) ◽  
pp. 349-352
Author(s):  
Grégory Amos ◽  
Ambroise Marchand ◽  
Anja Schneiter ◽  
Annina Sorg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Density ◽  
National Park ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Capra Ibex ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Gran Paradiso ◽  
Gran Paradiso National Park

The last Capricorns (Capra ibex ibex) in the Alps survived during the nineteenth century in the Aosta valley thanks to the royal hunting reservation (today Gran Paradiso national park). Capricorns from this reservation were successfully re-introduced in Switzerland after its Capricorn population had disappeared. Currently in Switzerland there are 13200 Capricorns. Every year 1000 are hunted in order to prevent a large variation and overaging of their population and the damage of pasture. In contrast, in the Gran Paradiso national park the game population regulates itself naturally for over eighty years. There are large fluctuations in the Capricorn population (2600–5000) which are most likely due to the climate, amount of snow, population density and to the interactions of these factors. The long-term surveys in the Gran Paradiso national park and the investigations of the capacity of this area are a valuable example for the optimal management of the ibexes in Switzerland.

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