Does the Pagan King Reply? Malayalam Documents on the Portuguese Arrival in India

AbstractThis article is a response to Sebastian Prange's essay in Itinerario 41, no. 1 (2017): 151–173 wherein he presented a ‘virtually unknown manuscript’ on the Portuguese arrival in India as an Indian voice, unheard in the existing historiography. Prange had consulted the English translation of a Malayalam text by John Wye, that the former had assumed to be lost. However its original palm-leaf manuscript (ōla) is kept at the British Library. This ōla, entitled Kēraḷa Varttamānam, brings to light some remarkable omissions and a few discrepancies in Wye's translation. Closely reading different manuscripts in Malayalam, Arabic, and English I argue that this ōla is in fact a translation of a sixteenth-century Arabic text, Tuḥfat al-mujāhidīn, well known among scholars of its place and period. Taking it a step ahead, I argue that the very existence of this text points towards the cross-cultural and cross-linguistic interactions between the Arabic and Malayalam spheres of premodern Malabar. The ōla demonstrates one of the first instances of Malayalam literature's engagement with a secular and historical theme as the arrival of the Portuguese. In addition, Malayalam works such as Kēraḷōlpatti and Kēraḷa-paḻama are clear voices from Malabar on the Portuguese arrival and consequent episodes.

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The Pagan King Replies: An Indian Perspective on the Portuguese Arrival in India

Itinerario ◽

10.1017/s0165115317000146 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 151-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sebastian R. Prange

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

English Translation ◽

Royal Family ◽

South Indian ◽

History Of ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Indian Perspective ◽

Unknown Manuscript ◽

Scholarly Attention ◽

Palm Leaf

This article recommends a virtually unknown manuscript on the early Portuguese presence in India to wider scholarly attention. Dubbed here the Wye manuscript, this text purports to be an English translation of a sixteenth-century Malayalam history that was produced at the court of the ruler of Calicut. The South Indian kingdom of Calicut was central to Portugal’s project of monopolizing the region’s all-important pepper trade; the Wye manuscript therefore holds the promise of adding an Indian perspective to a history that has been written largely on the basis of European sources. This article examines the external and internal evidence for the author’s claim of having translated the text from an original palm-leaf manuscript held by members of Calicut’s royal family. An analysis of its content shows significant overlap with an Arabic history of the sixteenth century; a comparison of their similarities and differences suggests a number of insights into the processes of composition and revision of both the Malayalam and Arabic texts. Last, and most important, the Wye manuscript is transcribed in full in the hope of stimulating further discussion and study.

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TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND IDEOLOGY OF TWO DIFFERENT ENGLISH TRANSLATION VERSIONS OF SURAH AL-FATIHAH: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

LITERA ◽

10.21831/ltr.v19i1.29425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 94-108

Author(s):

Sukarno Sukarno ◽

Risyah Adilia ◽

Riskia Setiarini

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

English Translation ◽

Arabic Text ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Contrastive Analysis ◽

Componential Analysis ◽

Dominant Ideologies ◽

Arabic And English ◽

Grammatical Structures

English translation of the Holy Qur’an comes as solutions for Muslims and non-Muslims worldwide to be able to understand the message of the Holy Qur’an besides its authentic Arabic text. Two of the most famous versions are translated by Saheeh International SI (2004) and Abdel Haleem hereafter AH (2004). Since Arabic and English belong to different language families, the translations resulted in the variation of lexicons and grammatical structures to express the same meaning in English from the Holy Qur’an. This research attempts to reveal how lexical and grammatical differences happened in two different English translation versions of surah al-Fatihah by SI and AH. The data were analyzed using a contrastive analysis method with content analysis. The results showed that firstly, there are lexical and grammatical differences in the five ayats. Secondly, SI used procedures that are mostly oriented to the SLT such as transcription and componential analysis while AH used procedures that are mostly oriented to the TLT such as modulation and contraction. Lastly, the two translators applied different dominant ideologies on their translations. SI represents the foreignization ideology while AH represents domestication ideology. Keywords: al-Fatihah, English translation, contrastive analysis, translation procedures, translation ideology PROSEDUR PENERJEMAHAN DAN IDEOLOGI DALAM DUA VERSI TERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGRIS SURAT AL-FATIHAH: SEBUAH ANALISIS KONTRASTIF AbstrakTerjemahan bahasa Inggris dari kitab suci AlQur’an adalah sebuah solusi untuk orang-orang muslim dan nonmuslim di seluruh dunia untuk dapat memahami isi dari kitab suci AlQur’an di samping teks Arab aslinya. Di antara versi terjemahan-terjemahan kitab suci AlQur’an, dua yang paling terkenal diterjemahkan oleh Saheeh International yang disingkat SI (2004) dan Abdel Haleem (2004) yang disingkat AH. Karena bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris berasal dari keluarga bahasa yang berbeda, terdapat beberapa perbedaan leksikal dan gramatikal dalam terjemahan dari kitab suci Al-Qur’an untuk menunjukkan makna yang sama di dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana perbedaan leksikal dan gramatikal terjadi pada dua versi terjemahan surah al-Fatihah oleh SI dan AH. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif dengan analisis konten. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, terdapat perbedaan leksikal dan gramatikal yang dapat ditemukan di 5 ayat. Kedua, SI menggunakan prosedur yang kebanyakan berorientasi pada bahasa sumber seperti transkripsi dan analisis komponen, sedangkan AH menggunakan prosedur yang kebanyakan berorientasi pada bahasa sasaran seperti modulasi dan reduksi. Selain itu, SI cenderung menggunakan ideologi foreignisasi, sedangkan AH cenderung menggunakan ideologi domestikasi. Kata kunci: Al-Fatihah, terjemahan bahasa Inggris, analisis kontrastif, prosedur penerjemahan, ideologi penerjemahan

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The Dutch Republic

The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198702238.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 163-181

Author(s):

Cory Cotter

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Civil Wars ◽

John Locke ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Dutch Republic ◽

William Penn ◽

The Cross ◽

Cultural Connections

This chapter explores the cross-cultural connections of a community of English and Scottish exiles who fled to the Dutch Republic, c.1575–1688. Among them were Pilgrims and Puritans, preachers-turned-physicians, dozens of dissenting divines, Fifth Monarchists (Dr Edward Richardson), oft-imprisoned Quakers (William Penn), tortured Presbyterians (William Carstares), religious and political exiles (John Locke). They fled to Holland in waves: during the Elizabethan Settlement (late sixteenth century); during the English Civil Wars (1640s); and in the wake of the Restoration Settlement (1660–2). Some sailed back and forth (illegally) during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Some sided with the Dutch; others played both sides. Joseph Hill was captured on a secret mission back to England in 1666. William Carstares was shipped to Scotland, so he could be tortured. Persecution drove them together.

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The Cross-Cultural Equivalence of Parental Rearing Measure: EMBU-C

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.22.2.85 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 85-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Maja Deković ◽

Margreet ten Have ◽

Wilma A.M. Vollebergh ◽

Trees Pels ◽

Annerieke Oosterwegel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Child Rearing ◽

Latent Factors ◽

Immigrant Adolescents ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Parental Rearing ◽

The Cross ◽

Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis

We examined the cross-cultural equivalence of a widely used instrument that assesses perceived parental rearing, the EMBU-C, among native Dutch and immigrant adolescents living in The Netherlands. The results of a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the EMBU-C, consisting of three latent factors (Warmth, Rejection, and Overprotection), and reliabilities of these scales are similar in both samples. These findings lend further support for the factorial and construct validity of this instrument. The comparison of perceived child rearing between native Dutch and immigrant adolescents showed cultural differences in only one of the assessed dimensions: Immigrant adolescents perceive their parents as more overprotective than do Dutch adolescents.

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