Whatever happened to Human Rights?

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Best

Whatever happened to Human Rights? Like you, I think it is an odd title for a lecture; but in the end I settled for it rather than the alternative which sounded even odder—whatever has not happened to Human Rights since their grand eruption, forty years ago? Only ten years before that, the expression was still unfamiliar in the English-speaking world. The expression ‘The Rights of Man’ was familiar enough, but it did not necessarily mean the same thing and I cannot see that it was often seriously used with the same intention. ‘Human Rights’ only began to come into use through the second half of the Second World War. It was found apt for describing what the United Nations conceived themselves as fighting for, and what they undertook to do something constructive.about when the fighting was over. They gave it prominence in general terms in their Charter of principles and plans for the post-war world, and left the working-out of the Human Rights details to a committee (the embryo of the present Human Rights Commission). After about two years’ work, its draft Declaration then went back to the UN's debating mills and after being not too badly messed about was accepted nem con by the. General Assembly on 10 December 1948. An idea which, depending on your cultural point of view was either impressively old or excitingly new, had gone into orbit.

Author(s):  
Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska

The article focuses on advertisements as visual and historical sources. The material comes from the German press that appeared immediately after the end of the Second World War. During this time, all kinds of products were scarce. In comparison to this, colorful advertisements of luxury products are more than noteworthy. What do these images tell us about the early post-war years in Germany? The author argues that advertisements are a medium that shapes social norms. Rather than reflecting the historical realities, advertisements construct them. From an aesthetical and cultural point of view, advertisements gave thus a sense of continuity between the pre- and post-war years. The author suggests, therefore, that the advertisements should not be treated as a source for economic history. They are, however, important for studying social developments that occurred in the past.


1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-900
Author(s):  
ELISABETH ALBANIS

A history of the Jews in the English-speaking world: Great Britain. By W. D. Rubinstein, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996. Pp. viii+539. ISBN 0-312-12542-9. £65.00.Pogroms: anti-Jewish violence in modern Russian history. Edited by John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xx+393. ISBN 0-521-40532-7. £55.00.Western Jewry and the Zionist project, 1914–1933. By Michael Berkowitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi+305. ISBN 0-521-47087-0. £35.00.Three books under review deal from different perspectives with the responses of Jews in Western and Eastern Europe to the increasing and more or less violent outbursts of anti-Semitism which they encountered in the years from 1880 to the Second World War. The first two titles consider how deep-rooted anti-Semitism was in Britain and Russia and in what sections of society it was most conspicuous, whereas the third asks how Western Jewry became motivated to support the Zionist project of settlement in Palestine; all three approach the question of how isolated or intergrated diaspora Jews were in their respective countries.


1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Mckitrick

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.


2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Babette Weyns

De geschiedenis van het Vlaamse collaboratieverleden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is vandaag reeds ruim gedocumenteerd: mythes zijn doorprikt en nuance is de nieuwe maatstaf om naar dat verleden te kijken. Toch leverde de lange overheersing van een vertekend beeld, voornamelijk met betrekking tot de naoorlogse repressie, een aantal iconische beelden op in het collectieve geheugen, die hier en daar nog de kop op durven te steken. Door de relatief late wetenschappelijke doorbraak in het polemische debat over de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België, loopt ons land noodgedwongen achter als het aankomt op nieuwe invalshoeken om dat verleden te benaderen. In onze buurlanden bestaat zo al enige tijd aandacht voor een belangrijke groep in de samenleving, die vaak tot op vandaag de gevolgen van dat verleden draagt: de nakomelingen. Niet alleen vanuit historische hoek, maar ook vanuit de literatuurwetenschappen bestaat er reeds een traditie aan onderzoek, dat nagaat hoe daders en slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hun herinneringen doorgeven aan latere generaties. Concepten als trauma- en schuldoverdracht zijn daarin heel populair. Geïnspireerd door het lopende historisch onderzoek van Koen Aerts (UGent), verkent ook deze bijdrage dat terrein. Aan de hand van zes autobiografisch geïnspireerde Vlaamse romans wordt daarbij resoluut de kaart van de interdisciplinariteit getrokken. Hoe gaan de protagonist-nakomelingen in de romans om met het verleden van hun ouders, welke effecten ondervinden ze ervan en vooral: dragen zij een overgedragen schuld met zich mee? Literatuur biedt immers een unieke blik op de werkelijkheid, en laat zelfs toe datgene bloot te leggen, wat men zelf niet wist. Het geeft met andere woorden ook een inkijk in het onderbewuste van zowel de samenleving als de personages uit het werk. Daarom leveren deze herinneringsproducten antwoorden op de vraag naar de relatie tussen een kind en zijn/haar (groot)ouder, die geen afbreuk doen aan de complexe realiteit van zowel dader- als ouderschap, maar een waardevol interpretatiekader vormen voor verder historisch onderzoek. “The name of my father weighs on me like a judgment”.Collaborators through the eyes of their children in the Flemish novel (1970-2000)Flemish collaboration during the Second World War has been researched profoundly and abundantly. Although historical research has exposed several myths and enabled a nuanced outlook onto the past, distorted memories have left Belgium with recurrent iconic images in its collective memory, especially when it comes to post-war punishment of Flemish collaborators. Only relatively recently scientific historical research is being heard within the polem-ical debate concerning new perspectives on Belgium’s wartime past. Neighbouring countries, unlike Belgium, were therefore able to incorporate descendants of collaborators far sooner into their research. As this social group often has been carrying traces of this past up until today, research focuses on how victims and perpetrators pass on their past to their children and grandchildren. This has not only been approached from a historical point of view, but in literary analysis as well. Transmission of trauma and guilt are popular concepts in this kind of research. Inspired by current historical research by Koen Aerts (UGent), this article offers an exploration of this field of research for Flanders. By discussing six autobiographical inspired Flemish novels, it takes on a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach. How do the protagonists in the novels deal with their parents’ past, which effects do they face and do they carry some form of transmitted guilt? Literature offers a unique perspective on reality, often exposing the subconscious not only of the characters within the work, but on a societal level as well. Accordingly, these products of memory offer insight into the relation between a child and its (grand)parent, taking into account the complex reality of being both a perpetrator and a parent. A discussion of these sources therefore provides a useful interpretative framework for further historical research.


Author(s):  
Benjamin Mason Meier ◽  
Lawrence O. Gostin

Out of the ashes of the Second World War, institutions of global health and human rights have brought the world together in unprecedented cooperation over the past seventy years, giving rise to the successes and opportunities detailed throughout this volume; however, the current populist age casts new doubts on many of these governance successes and raises debilitating obstacles to future progress. In challenging the shared goals of global governance in responding to a globalizing world, populism—abetted by the resurgent horrors of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia—seeks to retrench nations inward, with rising nationalist movements directly threatening global institutions and spurring isolationism in international affairs. Such retrenchment could lead to a rejection of both global governance and human rights as a basis for health advancement in the years to come....


Prawo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Adam Obara

The Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość in the years 1944–1950: Selected issues The study is an attempt to present in general terms the institution of the Prosecutor’s Office in the years 1944–1950 in the reality of the Polish state revived after the Second World War. On account of the fact that Zamość was located in the border strip within newly established borders, special attention is paid to the activity of the Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość. The Prosecutor’s Office, just like other state authorities, was created after the Second World War along with the formation of a Polish statehood. The system and the competencies of the post-war Prosecutor’s Office were based on the legal regulations enforced in the interwar period, i.e. the Decree Law of the President of the Republic of Poland on organisation of common law courts dated 6th February, 1928. A capitalist type of prosecutor’s office was established, based on the German model in particular. Although the new authorities did not make any amendments to these regulations in the years 1944–1945, they introduced some legal acts that had an impact on the functioning of the Prosecutor’s Office. The prosecutors’ obligation of loyalty to the political system and the people’s authorities instead of the existing obligation of impartiality was a clear symptom of that. Consequently, the authorities demanded absolute obedience from prosecutors. The Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość began its activity on the initiative of the local authorities after the German occupiers left the region on 1 August 1944. In terms of territory, the Prosecutor’s Office included four districts: Zamość, Tomaszów Lubelski, Biłgoraj and Hrubieszów. The post-war social and political situation, as well as the immediate proximity of the border had a significant influence on the scope of the cases handled by the Prosecutor’s Office. The investigation into the mass murders of Polish people by the Germans in the area of the Zamość “Rotunda” was the greatest challenge for the Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość. The Prosecutor’s Office functioned until the middle of 1950, when, as a result of system changes, it was replaced by the District Prosecutor’s Office in Zamość.  Die Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość in den Jahren 1944–1950. Gewählte Fragen Die Ausarbeitung ist ein Versuch, die Institution der Staatsanwaltschaft in den Jahren 1944–1950 in den Realien des nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wieder entstehenden polnischen Staates zu skizzieren. Da Zamość nach Festlegung der neuen Grenzen in den grenzanliegenden Streifen gelang, wurde die Aufmerksamkeit der Tätigkeit der Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość geschenkt. Die Staatsanwaltschaft und andere Staatsorgane entstanden nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zusammen mit der Entwicklung des polnischen Staatswesens. Die Vorschriften, die in der Zwischenkriegszeit mit der Verordnung des Präsidenten der Republik Polen kraft Gesetzes — Gesetz über die Struktur der ordentlichen Gerichte vom 6. Februar 1928 eingeführt wurden, bestimmten die Ordnung und die Kompetenzen der Nachkriegsstaatsanwaltschaft. Sie beschlossen einen kapitalistischen Typ der Staatsanwaltschaft mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des deutschen Modells. Obwohl die „neue Gewalt” diese Regelungen nicht novelliert hat, führte sie bereits in den Jahren 1944–1945 neue Rechtsakte ein, die für die Tätigkeit der Staatsanwaltschaft nicht unerheblich blieben. Seinen Ausdruck fand das in der Verpflichtung der Staatsanwälte, der Staatssystemordnung und der Volksherrschaft treu zu bleiben, die die bisher bestehende Unparteilichkeitspflicht ersetzte. Folglich erwartete die Staatsgewalt ein absolutes Gehorsam der Staatsanwälte. Die Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość begann ihre Tätigkeit aus Initiative der örtlichen Obrigkeit nachdem der deutsche Besatzer am 1. August 1944 das Gebiet um Zamość verlassen hat. Die territoriale Zuständigkeit der Staatsanwaltschaft erstreckte sich über vier Kreise: Zamość, Tomaszów, Biłgoraj und Hrubieszów. Die sozialpolitische Situation der Nachkriegszeit und die unmittelbare Nähe der Grenze hatten wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Umfang der von der Staatsanwaltschaft bearbeiteten Fälle. Die größte Herausforderung, der sich die Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość zu stellen hatte, war die Ermittlung in Sachen der deutschen Massenmorde an der polnischen Bevölkerung auf dem Gebiet der „Rotunda“ in Zamość. Die besprochene Staatsanwaltschaft arbeitete bis Mitte des Jahres 1950, als sie infolge von strukturellen Wandlungen von der Kreisstaatsanwaltschaft Zamość ersetzt wurde.


Author(s):  
Nussberger Angelika

After more than thirty years of horror from the outbreak of the Great War in 1914 to the conclusion of Second World War in 1945, the European general population and political leadership thought it absolutely necessary that post-war institutions be created that would make a third European world war less likely. This book introduces us to one such institution, the European Court of Human Rights. The book explores its uniqueness as an international adjudicatory body in the light of its history, structure, and procedure, as well as its key doctrinal usages. It also shows the Court to be an exciting and instructive new development of modern international law and human rights law. The book traces the history of the Court from its political context in the 1940s to the present day, answering pressing questions about its origins and internal workings. What was the best model for such an international organization? How should it evolve within more and more diverse legal cultures? How does a case move among different decision-making bodies? These questions help frame the six parts of the book, whilst the final section reflects on the past successes and failures of the Court, shedding light on possible future directions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Brown

Abstract In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Thomas Mann and Georg Lukács both sought to come to terms with the multifaceted role of philosophy in the catastrophe of fascism. The figure of Nietzsche is (re-)examined in Mann’s Nietzsches Philosophie im Lichte unserer Erfahrung (1947) and Lukács’ Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954). It is generally recognised that Mann’s lecture helped to shape the post-war Nietzsche reception in the West as much as Lukács’ treatise did in the East. In contrast, I argue that Mann’s and Lukács’s contributions have more in common than is generally acknowledged and, given Mann’s esteem in the field of Nietzsche studies, that these similarities call into question the general repudiation of Lukács’ Nietzsche-Bild. After sketching the phenomenon of partisanship in the reception of Nietzsche through the lens of Kant’s notion of a ‘Kampfplatz’, some of the key topoi of Lukács’ work are identified, highlighting the aforementioned similarities in content and methodology as well as the contrasts with Western academic approaches.


1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-549
Author(s):  
Keith Clements

The names of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Rudolf Bultmann have frequently and inevitably been associated in theological debate since the Second World War. On a popular level in the English-speaking world, it was perhaps J. A. T. Robinson's Honest to God (1963) which most notably placed Bonhoeffer alongside Bultmann, along with Tillich, as close allies in the search for a fresh and viable understanding of God.


2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Babette Weyns

De geschiedenis van het Vlaamse collaboratieverleden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is vandaag reeds ruim gedocumenteerd: mythes zijn doorprikt en nuance is de nieuwe maatstaf om naar dat verleden te kijken. Toch leverde de lange overheersing van een vertekend beeld, voornamelijk met betrekking tot de naoorlogse repressie, een aantal iconische beelden op in het collectieve geheugen, die hier en daar nog de kop op durven te steken. Door de relatief late wetenschappelijke doorbraak in het polemische debat over de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België, loopt ons land noodgedwongen achter als het aankomt op nieuwe invalshoeken om dat verleden te benaderen. In onze buurlanden bestaat zo al enige tijd aandacht voor een belangrijke groep in de samenleving, die vaak tot op vandaag de gevolgen van dat verleden draagt: de nakomelingen. Niet alleen vanuit historische hoek, maar ook vanuit de literatuurwetenschappen bestaat er reeds een traditie aan onderzoek, dat nagaat hoe daders en slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hun herinneringen doorgeven aan latere generaties. Concepten als trauma- en schuldoverdracht zijn daarin heel populair. Geïnspireerd door het lopende historisch onderzoek van Koen Aerts (UGent), verkent ook deze bijdrage dat terrein. Aan de hand van zes autobiografisch geïnspireerde Vlaamse romans wordt daarbij resoluut de kaart van de interdisciplinariteit getrokken. Hoe gaan de protagonist-nakomelingen in de romans om met het verleden van hun ouders, welke effecten ondervinden ze ervan en vooral: dragen zij een overgedragen schuld met zich mee? Literatuur biedt immers een unieke blik op de werkelijkheid, en laat zelfs toe datgene bloot te leggen, wat men zelf niet wist. Het geeft met andere woorden ook een inkijk in het onderbewuste van zowel de samenleving als de personages uit het werk. Daarom leveren deze herinneringsproducten antwoorden op de vraag naar de relatie tussen een kind en zijn/haar (groot)ouder, die geen afbreuk doen aan de complexe realiteit van zowel dader- als ouderschap, maar een waardevol interpretatiekader vormen voor verder historisch onderzoek.________“The name of my father weighs on me like a judgment”.Collaborators through the eyes of their children in the Flemish novel (1970-2000)Flemish collaboration during the Second World War has been researched profoundly and abundantly. Although historical research has exposed several myths and enabled a nuanced outlook onto the past, distorted memories have left Belgium with recurrent iconic images in its collective memory, especially when it comes to post-war punishment of Flemish collaborators. Only relatively recently scientific historical research is being heard within the polem-ical debate concerning new perspectives on Belgium’s wartime past. Neighbouring countries, unlike Belgium, were therefore able to incorporate descendants of collaborators far sooner into their research. As this social group often has been carrying traces of this past up until today, research focuses on how victims and perpetrators pass on their past to their children and grandchildren. This has not only been approached from a historical point of view, but in literary analysis as well. Transmission of trauma and guilt are popular concepts in this kind of research. Inspired by current historical research by Koen Aerts (UGent), this article offers an exploration of this field of research for Flanders. By discussing six autobiographical inspired Flemish novels, it takes on a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach. How do the protagonists in the novels deal with their parents’ past, which effects do they face and do they carry some form of transmitted guilt? Literature offers a unique perspective on reality, often exposing the subconscious not only of the characters within the work, but on a societal level as well. Accordingly, these products of memory offer insight into the relation between a child and its (grand)parent, taking into account the complex reality of being both a perpetrator and a parent. A discussion of these sources therefore provides a useful interpretative framework for further historical research.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document