“Product Not Available in Pre-War Quantities – but Quality Remains the Same”: Remarks on Advertisements as Historical Sources

Author(s):  
Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska

The article focuses on advertisements as visual and historical sources. The material comes from the German press that appeared immediately after the end of the Second World War. During this time, all kinds of products were scarce. In comparison to this, colorful advertisements of luxury products are more than noteworthy. What do these images tell us about the early post-war years in Germany? The author argues that advertisements are a medium that shapes social norms. Rather than reflecting the historical realities, advertisements construct them. From an aesthetical and cultural point of view, advertisements gave thus a sense of continuity between the pre- and post-war years. The author suggests, therefore, that the advertisements should not be treated as a source for economic history. They are, however, important for studying social developments that occurred in the past.

Author(s):  
Tim Newburn

What is happening to crime? Are things getting better or worse, and in what ways? ‘Understanding recent trends in crime’ examines recorded crime trends and data from victimization surveys from America, Canada, England and Wales, and Australia. All four Western democracies display similar patterns: rising crime in the post-war years, hitting a peak somewhere between the late 1980s and late 1990s, then falling steeply for the fifteen‒twenty-five years since. This leaves two big questions: why did crime increase in the early decades after the Second World War; and, why has it been declining in the past fifteen‒twenty-five years? The reasons for the post-war crime explosion are discussed.


1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Mckitrick

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.


1975 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Lampe

This paper should begin with a brief defense of its title. “Variety” and “unsuccessful” are doubtful if not dirty words to most economists and many economic historians. The “success stories” of rapid development in Western Europe, Russia and Japan have been the most frequent subject of this Journal's articles on non-American topics. And the discovery of uniformity in the past, rather than variety, is admittedly essential to the development economist's search for predictability in the future that has informed so much of the economic history written since the Second World War.


2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Babette Weyns

De geschiedenis van het Vlaamse collaboratieverleden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is vandaag reeds ruim gedocumenteerd: mythes zijn doorprikt en nuance is de nieuwe maatstaf om naar dat verleden te kijken. Toch leverde de lange overheersing van een vertekend beeld, voornamelijk met betrekking tot de naoorlogse repressie, een aantal iconische beelden op in het collectieve geheugen, die hier en daar nog de kop op durven te steken. Door de relatief late wetenschappelijke doorbraak in het polemische debat over de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België, loopt ons land noodgedwongen achter als het aankomt op nieuwe invalshoeken om dat verleden te benaderen. In onze buurlanden bestaat zo al enige tijd aandacht voor een belangrijke groep in de samenleving, die vaak tot op vandaag de gevolgen van dat verleden draagt: de nakomelingen. Niet alleen vanuit historische hoek, maar ook vanuit de literatuurwetenschappen bestaat er reeds een traditie aan onderzoek, dat nagaat hoe daders en slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hun herinneringen doorgeven aan latere generaties. Concepten als trauma- en schuldoverdracht zijn daarin heel populair. Geïnspireerd door het lopende historisch onderzoek van Koen Aerts (UGent), verkent ook deze bijdrage dat terrein. Aan de hand van zes autobiografisch geïnspireerde Vlaamse romans wordt daarbij resoluut de kaart van de interdisciplinariteit getrokken. Hoe gaan de protagonist-nakomelingen in de romans om met het verleden van hun ouders, welke effecten ondervinden ze ervan en vooral: dragen zij een overgedragen schuld met zich mee? Literatuur biedt immers een unieke blik op de werkelijkheid, en laat zelfs toe datgene bloot te leggen, wat men zelf niet wist. Het geeft met andere woorden ook een inkijk in het onderbewuste van zowel de samenleving als de personages uit het werk. Daarom leveren deze herinneringsproducten antwoorden op de vraag naar de relatie tussen een kind en zijn/haar (groot)ouder, die geen afbreuk doen aan de complexe realiteit van zowel dader- als ouderschap, maar een waardevol interpretatiekader vormen voor verder historisch onderzoek. “The name of my father weighs on me like a judgment”.Collaborators through the eyes of their children in the Flemish novel (1970-2000)Flemish collaboration during the Second World War has been researched profoundly and abundantly. Although historical research has exposed several myths and enabled a nuanced outlook onto the past, distorted memories have left Belgium with recurrent iconic images in its collective memory, especially when it comes to post-war punishment of Flemish collaborators. Only relatively recently scientific historical research is being heard within the polem-ical debate concerning new perspectives on Belgium’s wartime past. Neighbouring countries, unlike Belgium, were therefore able to incorporate descendants of collaborators far sooner into their research. As this social group often has been carrying traces of this past up until today, research focuses on how victims and perpetrators pass on their past to their children and grandchildren. This has not only been approached from a historical point of view, but in literary analysis as well. Transmission of trauma and guilt are popular concepts in this kind of research. Inspired by current historical research by Koen Aerts (UGent), this article offers an exploration of this field of research for Flanders. By discussing six autobiographical inspired Flemish novels, it takes on a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach. How do the protagonists in the novels deal with their parents’ past, which effects do they face and do they carry some form of transmitted guilt? Literature offers a unique perspective on reality, often exposing the subconscious not only of the characters within the work, but on a societal level as well. Accordingly, these products of memory offer insight into the relation between a child and its (grand)parent, taking into account the complex reality of being both a perpetrator and a parent. A discussion of these sources therefore provides a useful interpretative framework for further historical research.


Author(s):  
Peter N. Davies

This journal reprints the history of the Elder Dempster company by Peter N. Davies, from 1852-1972, originally published in 1973. It includes an additional chapter, also by Peter Davies, on the history of the company from 1973-1989, covering its decline and final years. The purpose is to describe and analyse the economic history of the Elder Dempster shipping company and its predecessors, and provide an account of West African and British economic backgrounds. The journal is divided into five parts, each concerning a different era in the company’s history. Part 1 covers the formation of the African Steam Ship Company, which would eventually merge and become Elder Dempster; Part 2 covers the expansion of Elder Dempster and the partnership with Alfred Lewis Jones; Part 3 explores major historical events and their impact on Elder Dempster, including the Great War, the transition from war to peace, and the end of the Royal Mail group; Part 4 concerns the establishment of Elder Dempster Lines Limited, the emergence of successful rival companies, the Second World War and post-war reconstruction, and prediction for the company for the 1970s and beyond, as this part concluded the first edition of the history; Part 5 is a retrospective look at the 1970s and 1980s, and tracks the decline of Elder Dempster and the evolution of the Ocean Group.


2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-84
Author(s):  
Susan Corbesero

AbstractDuring the troublous post-war and post-Soviet periods, the iconography of Stalin has served as a powerful interpreter of the past. Since World War II, portraits and attendant mass reproductions of the notorious Soviet leader have conveyed a historical memory that fused the triumphalist mythology of the Second World War and the cult of Stalin. Appropriated for political, national, nostalgic and commercial purposes, these iconic vehicles have functioned as integral “vectors of memory” in times of political change. In that vein, this article traces the remarkably dynamic and influential life of Aleksandr Laktionov's Portrait of I. V. Stalin (1949) in order to illuminate how its meaning and use, past and present, reflects and refracts the political landscape that deploys it.


2020 ◽  
pp. 101-124
Author(s):  
Charles Burdett

Charles Burdett addresses the representation of the Italian presence in East Africa in the decades following the Second World War, the demise of Fascism and the end of Italian colonialism. The chapter looks in depth at the publications of the former Italian residents of Eritrea and Ethiopia, written memories of life in Africa, commentaries on current events, works of fiction and an extensive collection of photographs. Rather than as straightforward narrations or as transparent reproductions of people’s experiences, these materials are seen as complex evocations of multifaceted psychic realities, intimately bound up with unseen temporal processes. This cultural production is seen as a means of discovering how the past can return to trouble the present and reveal the individual’s unknowing participation in some of the most deeply layered practices of society.


Boom Cities ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 14-34
Author(s):  
Otto Saumarez Smith

The first chapter introduces the way architectural and planning ideas were conceived and perceived as responses to concurrent British concerns and ambitions. A widespread optimism about Britain’s economic future led planners to revise many of their assumptions about planning that had been formed in the aftermath of the Second World War. This chapter stresses the centrality of the growth of traffic for architectural thinking in the period, while also showing how architect-planners were influenced by a cross-cultural reinvestment in distinctly urban values, often centred on the slippery term ‘urbanity’. Planners developed an approach to the buildings of the past, where what was at stake was providing a new environment to a selected number of historical buildings, often at the expense of the more mundane built fabric of cities.


1951 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Myron F. Rosskopf

During the past ten years there has been more than usual interest in the problem of teacher training. The shortage of teachers brought on by total mobilization for our participation in the Second World War, the flight from teaching of men and women into industry and government service in the post-war economic expansion, and the increase in the number of children entering the schools of the nation served to keep this problem constantly before those responsible for teacher education. The gap between supply and demand of qualified teachers of science and mathematics is particularly important. All reports that have appeared since 1945 stress the problem of attracting a sufficient number of students into preparing themselves for teaching science and mathematics. In addition these reports give evidence of much dissatisfaction with the present program of teacher preparation. There is need for a new approach both to courses in the sciences and mathematics and to professional courses in education.


Author(s):  
Ben Mercer

The enormous death toll of the twentieth-century world wars created a cultural struggle over their meaning. States, institutions, and individuals developed conflicting memories, which shifted with the political trends of the post-war eras. After the First World War nationalist narratives promoted by states did not automatically win unanimous adherence, but the apparently apolitical language of loss and mourning was most successful where the war was least controversial or where national narratives were unavailable. While memory of the Second World War and the Holocaust has often been discussed in terms of forgetting, there was no amnesia but rather a selective appropriation of the past. Myths of victimhood and resistance proved popular across Europe and persisted despite periodic engagements with the past. Germany’s acknowledgement of the Nazi past is the most thorough, while most Europeans states now more easily remember the Second World War than their colonial heritage.


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