‘Where are we going?’ International Relations and the voice from below

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER HILL
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Second World

They tell us that the Pharoahs built the pyramids. Well, the Pharoahs didn't lift their little fingers. The pyramids were built by thousands of anonymous slaves . . . and it's the same thing for the Second World War. There were masses of books on the subject. But what was the war like for those who lived it, who fought? I want to hear their stories.Writing about international relations is in part a history of writing about the people. The subject sprang from a desire to prevent the horrors of the Great War once again being visited upon the masses and since then some of its main themes have been international cooperation, decolonisation, poverty and development, and more recently issues of gender.

scholarly journals Promouvoir et jouer au football pendant la guerre: La Fédération Internationale de Football Association, les forces de l’Axe et la Deuxième Guerre mondiale = Promocionando y jugando al fútbol durante la Guerra. La Federación Internacional de Fútbol Asociación, las potencias del Eje y la Segunda Guerra Mundial = Promoting and Playing football during the War. The International Federation of Association Football, the Axis Power and the Second World War

2019 ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Philippe Vonnard ◽  
Grégory Quin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Sport ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Second World

Resumen: Las repercusiones del aumento del totalitarismo en el período de entreguerras y, más precisamente, de la guerra en sí misma en el deporte internacional, ya han sido objeto de estudios detallados, en particular en torno al Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI), pero el fútbol -y en particular la Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)- es también un excelente tema de análisis de este "punto de inflexión" en la historia del siglo XX. De hecho, las décadas de 1930 y 1940 fueron décadas clave para comprender los desafíos de la politización del fútbol, para resaltar cómo operaban los líderes deportivos en un contexto ambivalente, pero también para analizar la transformación de la gobernanza de una organización internacional entre los intentos de interferencia impulsados por las potencias del Eje y la "resistencia" orquestada por el secretario general. Así, este artículo pretende cuestionar y analizar la inversión de las potencias del Eje en torno a la FIFA, particularmente a la luz de su actividad continua durante la guerra, utilizando algunos archivos y documentos originales del centro de documentación de la FIFA.Palabras clave: Historia, Segunda Guerra Mundial, Políticas, FIFA, Relaciones Internacionales.Abstract: The repercussions of the rise of totalitarianism in the interwar period and more precisely of the war itself on international sport have already been the subject of detailed studies, particularly around the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but football - and in particular the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) - is also an excellent analyst of this "turning point" in the history of the 20th century. Indeed, the 1930s and 1940s were key decades to understand the challenges of the politicization of football, to highlight how sports leaders operate in an ambivalent context, but also to analyse the transformation of the governance of an international organization between the attempts of interference driven by Axis forces and the "resistance" orchestrated by Secretary General. Thus, this article aims to question and analyse the investment of Axis forces around FIFA, particularly in the light of its continued activity during the war, using some original archives and documents from the FIFA documentation center.Keywords: History, Second World War, Politics, FIFA, International Relations.

ABCs of the Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Egor A. Yesyunin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Development History ◽  
The People ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the satirical agitation ABCs that appeared during the Civil War, which have never previously been identified by researchers as a separate type of agitation art. The ABCs, which used to have the narrow purpose of teaching children to read and write before, became a form of agitation art in the hands of artists and writers. This was facilitated by the fact that ABCs, in contrast to primers, are less loaded with educational material and, accordingly, they have more space for illustrations. The article presents the development history of the agitation ABCs, focusing in detail on four of them: V.V. Mayakovsky’s “Soviet ABC”, D.S. Moor’s “Red Army Soldier’s ABC”, A.I. Strakhov’s “ABC of the Revolution”, and M.M. Cheremnykh’s “Anti-Religious ABC”. There is also briefly considered “Our ABC”: the “TASS Posters” created by various artists during the Second World War. The article highlights the special significance of V.V. Mayakovsky’s first agitation ABC, which later became a reference point for many artists. The authors of the first satirical ABCs of the Civil War period consciously used the traditional form of popular prints, as well as ditties and sayings, in order to create images close to the people. The article focuses on the iconographic connections between the ABCs and posters in the works of D.S. Moor and M.M. Cheremnykh, who transferred their solutions from the posters to the ABCs.

Korea 1905–1945

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ku Daeyeol
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial Korea ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

This important new study by one of Korea’s leading historians focuses on the international relations of colonial Korea – from the Japanese rule of the peninsula and its foreign relations (1905–1945) to the ultimate liberation of the country at the end of the Second World War. In addition, it fills a significant gap – the ‘blank space’ – in Korean diplomatic history. Furthermore, it highlights several other fundamental aspects in the history of modern Korea, such as the historical perception of the policy-making process and the attitudes of both China and Britain which influenced US policy regarding Korea at the end of World War II.

SOVIET PRISONERS OF WAR IN GERMANY, 1941–1945 – AN UNDESIRABLE TOPIC FOR GERMAN SOCIETY?

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Valeriy P. Ljubin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
German Society ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

In German and Russian historiography, the tragic fate of the Soviet prisoners of war in Germany during the Second World War has not been suffi- ciently explored. Very few researchers have addressed this topic in recent times. In the contemporary German society, the subject remains obscured. There are attempts to reflect this tragedy in documentary films. The author analyses the destiny of the documentary film “Keine Kameraden”, which was shot in 2011 and has not yet been shown on the German television. It tells the story of the Soviet prisoners of war, most of whom died in the Nazi concentration camps in 1941– 1945. The personal history of some of the Soviet soldiers who died in the German captivity is reflected, their lives before the war are described, and the relatives of the deceased and the surviving prisoners of war are interviewed. The film features the German historians who have written books about the Soviet prisoners. All the attempts taken by the civil society organizations and the historians to influence the German public opinion so that the film could be shown on German television to a wider audience were unsuccessful. The film was seen by the viewers in Italy on the state channel RAI 3. Even earlier, in 2013, the film was shown in Russia on the channel “Kultura” and received the Pushkin Prize.

Henry Rollet. La Pologne au XXe siècle. Paris: Pedone. 1985. Pp. 604.

2004 ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
Józef Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
World War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

This chapter assesses Henry Rollet's La Pologne au XX siècle (1985). This recently published history of contemporary Poland by the outstanding French historian Henry Rollet deserves careful attention both for its grasp of the subject and its discussion concerning nationalism in general and Jewish nationalism in particular. The book consists of four chronological sections: ‘Towards Independence’ (Poland to 1918); ‘The Second Republic’ (the inter-war period); ‘Poland during the Second World War’; and ‘The “People's Democracy”.’ In the presentation of the events down to 1918, the most noticeable observation is Rollet's view that until 1876, the Poles were best off under Prussian occupation. Another statement which also provides much food for thought is that during the liberal period, voluntary, spontaneous Germanization made consistent progress.

The History of Modern Japanese Law

Japanese Law ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Oda
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Law ◽  
Second World

Japan built its modern legal system on the basis of the codes imported from Europe, namely Germany and France. After the Second World War, there was some influence of US law, e.g. the Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The new Constitution, which remained unchanged until today, has introduced significant changes in the political and social system of Japan. It was proclaimed that sovereignty rested with the people and not the emperor. The Diet elected by universal election became the supreme body of the state. Another major reform was triggered by the US-Japan Structural Impediments Talks in 1989–1990.

Colossus, Codebreaking, and the Digital Age

Colossus ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Budiansky
Keyword(s):  
Digital Age ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The paths that took men and women from their ordinary lives and deposited them on the doorstep of the odd profession of cryptanalysis were always tortuous, accidental, and unpredictable. The full story of the Colossus, the pioneering electronic device developed by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC & CS) to break German teleprinter ciphers in the Second World War, is fundamentally a story of several of these accidental paths converging at a remarkable moment in the history of electronics—and of the wartime urgency that set these men and women on these odd paths. Were it not for the wartime necessity of codebreaking, and were it not for particular statistical and logical properties of the teleprinter ciphers that were so eminently suited to electronic analysis, the history of computing might have taken a very different course. The fact that Britain’s codebreakers cracked the high-level teleprinter ciphers of the German Army and Luftwaffe high command during the Second World War has been public knowledge since the 1970s. But the recent declassification of new documents about Colossus and the teleprinter ciphers, and the willingness of key participants to discuss their roles more fully, has laid bare as never before the technical challenges they faced—not to mention the intense pressures, the false steps, and the extraordinary risks and leaps of faith along the way. It has also clarified the true role that the Colossus machines played in the advent of the digital age. Though they were neither general-purpose nor stored-program computers themselves, the Colossi sparked the imaginations of many scientists, among them Alan Turing and Max Newman, who would go on to help launch the post-war revolution that ushered in the age of the digital, general-purpose, stored-program electronic computer. Yet the story of Colossus really begins not with electronics at all, but with codebreaking; and to understand how and why the Colossi were developed and to properly place their capabilities in historical context, it is necessary to understand the problem they were built to solve, and the people who were given the job of solving it.

The Trade Makers

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
West African ◽  
World War ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Group Part

This journal reprints the history of the Elder Dempster company by Peter N. Davies, from 1852-1972, originally published in 1973. It includes an additional chapter, also by Peter Davies, on the history of the company from 1973-1989, covering its decline and final years. The purpose is to describe and analyse the economic history of the Elder Dempster shipping company and its predecessors, and provide an account of West African and British economic backgrounds. The journal is divided into five parts, each concerning a different era in the company’s history. Part 1 covers the formation of the African Steam Ship Company, which would eventually merge and become Elder Dempster; Part 2 covers the expansion of Elder Dempster and the partnership with Alfred Lewis Jones; Part 3 explores major historical events and their impact on Elder Dempster, including the Great War, the transition from war to peace, and the end of the Royal Mail group; Part 4 concerns the establishment of Elder Dempster Lines Limited, the emergence of successful rival companies, the Second World War and post-war reconstruction, and prediction for the company for the 1970s and beyond, as this part concluded the first edition of the history; Part 5 is a retrospective look at the 1970s and 1980s, and tracks the decline of Elder Dempster and the evolution of the Ocean Group.

scholarly journals The history of archaeological research at the site of the former Kulmhof extermination camp

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Andrzej Grzegorczyk
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Second World

The Kulmhof extermination camp in Chełmno nad Nerem was the first camp set up by the Nazis to exterminate Jews during the Second World War. The history of Kulmhof has long been an area of interest for academics, but despite thorough research it remains one of the least-known places of its kind among the public. Studies of the role of archaeology in acquiring knowledge about the functioning of the camp have been particularly compelling. The excavations carried out intermittently over a thirty-year period (1986–2016), which constitute the subject of this article, have played a key role in the rise in public interest in the history of the camp.

E. H. Carr, Chatham House and Nationalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Michael Cox
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
World Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Study Group ◽  
World War ◽  
Famous Book ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

Abstract A great deal has been written about the intellectual sources of E. H. Carr's most famous book in International Relations, The twenty years’ crisis, published on the eve of the Second World War. However, very little attention has been paid to the contribution which Chatham House made to the book after having appointed Carr to chair a study group on ‘Nationalism’ in 1936. The volume which appeared three years later was not the most scintillating of studies, bearing as it did all the hallmarks of having been composed by a committee whose members held sharply differing views. On the other hand, the deep research that went into the volume (published in 1939 under the somewhat unimaginative title of Nationalism) contributed in significant ways—as Carr himself confessed at the time—to informing his ideas about the critical role played by nationalism and the nation-state in the crisis of the inter-war system. As this review essay shows, Carr's long journey towards rethinking world order began in Paris in 1919, as he grappled with the problem posed by nationalism in central and eastern Europe; continued through the 1930s with further work on the subject; and reached a resolution in his own work with the appearance of The twenty years’ crisis, followed in 1945 with the publication of his best-selling volume, Nationalism and after.

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