Effect of nitrogen form on growth of rumen micro-organism in vitro

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 309-311
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Form ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
N Source ◽  
Micro Organisms

Rumen microbes utilize mainly ammonia as a nitrogen (N) source for their growth but some species also use a variety of amino acids (AA) or peptides. Several studies have shown both an enhanced fibre digestion and efficiency of rumen micro-organisms when N sources such as AA, peptides and protein were provided in addition to ammonia (Griswold et al.,1996). However, no difference either in digestion or in growth of rumen microbes was found in other in vivo(Fujimaki et al.,1989) and in vitro (Kernick, 1991) studies. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of protein, peptides, AA and ammonia on microbial growth and fermentation of an all fibre basal diet in a semicontinuous culture system (RUSITEC; Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977).

In vitro microbial growth as affected by the type of carbohydrate and the source of nitrogen

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 152-152
Author(s):  
M.L. Tejido ◽  
M.D. Carro ◽  
M. J. Ranilla ◽  
S. López
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
N Sources ◽  
N Form ◽  
Micro Organisms

The nitrogen (N) requirements for optimum growth of ruminal micro-organisms are still a matter of controversy. Whereas the results of some experiments indicate that peptides and amino acids stimulate the growth of mixed rumen bacteria in comparison to ammonia, no effect due to the N form has been found in other studies. Therefore, it has been suggested that growth of rumen micro-organisms would be stimulated only when the rate of provision of energy permitted (Cruz Soto et al., 1994). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two N sources (ammonia and isolated soyabean protein) on the in vitro fermentation of two substrates (starch and cellulose) differing in their rate of fermentation.

Variation in number and proportion of rumen microbes examined both in vivo and in vitro using a simulation system

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Gisèle Gizzi ◽  
R. Zanchi ◽  
F. Sciaraffia
Keyword(s):  
Simulation System ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Rumen Microflora ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Simulation Systems

The use of in vitro techniques is rapidly expanding because of an increasing need for routine and reproducible methods to obtain bioavailability data in addition to chemical ones. Furthermore in vivo methods are very expensive, an invasive technique for animals and may give non homogeneous results. In vitro systems could be divided in simulation systems (e.g. Rusitec, Czerkawski and Brekenridge, 1977) that attempt to closely reproduce the animal rumen ecosystem and are characterised by a higher level of complexity; and techniques that are mainly targeted to obtain biavailability data, without trying to mimic rumen metabolism (e.g. enzyme tests, Antoniewicz and Kosmala, 1997). As the fate of feedstufis in the rumen is mostly regulated by the micro-organisms, a rumen simulation system should primarily be characterised by a representative rumen microflora. The aim was to evaluate the possibility of maintaining a normal rumen microflora in an in vitro simulation system.

scholarly journals Effect of supplementing a fibre basal diet with different nitrogen forms on ruminal fermentation and microbial growth in an in vitro semi-continuous culture system (RUSITEC)

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Microbial N

Incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) to study the effects of four forms of N on the growth of ruminal micro-organisms and the fermentation variables when an all-fibre basal diet was incubated. The basal diet consisted of 10 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) from grass hay plus 2 g NDF from sugarbeet pulp. N forms were isolated soyabean protein, soyabean peptides, amino acids blended to profile soyabean protein and NH3 as NH4Cl. Half of the daily N supply was infused as NH4Cl and the other half was infused as each of the four treatments described. Non-NH3 N (NAN) forms increased NDF (P = 0·006), acid-detergent fibre (P = 0·003) and cellulose (P = 0·015) disappearance after 48 h incubation, CO2 (P < 0·001), CH4 (P = 0·002) and total volatile fatty acids production (P < 0·001), as well as the molar percentages of isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate, which reflected the fermentation of amino acid C skeletons. NAN treatments also increased microbial N flow (P < 0·001) compared with NH3, with peptides and protein supporting more (P = 0·036) than amino acids. The proportion of microbial N derived from NH3 decreased successively (P < 0·05) with NH3 > amino acids > peptides > protein treatments, indicating preferential uptake of peptides without passage through the NH3 pool. Microbial efficiency (g microbial N/kg organic matter apparent disappearance) was greater (P = 0·002) for the NAN forms than for the NH3 treatment, with peptides and protein treatments supporting higher (P = 0·009) values than amino acid treatment. These results indicate that N forms other than NH3 are required for optimal fibre digestion and microbial growth.

An in vitro assessment of amino acid requirements for optimal xylan fermentation by mixed ruminal micro-organisms from the sheep rumen

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 49-49
Author(s):  
A. Y. Guliye ◽  
C. Atasoglu ◽  
N. McKain ◽  
R. J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Micro Organisms

Ruminal microbes play a important role in the fermentation of structural plant polysaccharides, and constitute a major source of protein for the animal. Dietary protein provides amino acids which generally stimulate microbial growth rates and yields. The aim of this experiment was to identify, using a deletion approach, which individual amino acids limit fermentation of one of the main components of plant fibre, xylan.

Variation in number and proportion of rumen microbes examined both in vivo and in vitro using a simulation system

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Gisèle Gizzi ◽  
R. Zanchi ◽  
F. Sciaraffia
Keyword(s):  
Simulation System ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Rumen Microflora ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Simulation Systems

The use of in vitro techniques is rapidly expanding because of an increasing need for routine and reproducible methods to obtain bioavailability data in addition to chemical ones. Furthermore in vivo methods are very expensive, an invasive technique for animals and may give non homogeneous results. In vitro systems could be divided in simulation systems (e.g. Rusitec, Czerkawski and Brekenridge, 1977) that attempt to closely reproduce the animal rumen ecosystem and are characterised by a higher level of complexity; and techniques that are mainly targeted to obtain biavailability data, without trying to mimic rumen metabolism (e.g. enzyme tests, Antoniewicz and Kosmala, 1997). As the fate of feedstufis in the rumen is mostly regulated by the micro-organisms, a rumen simulation system should primarily be characterised by a representative rumen microflora. The aim was to evaluate the possibility of maintaining a normal rumen microflora in an in vitro simulation system.

Effects of feeding quebracho tannin diets, with or without a dietary modifier, on rumen function in sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Salawu ◽  
T. Acamovic ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hoveli
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Quebracho Tannin

AbstractThe effect of quebracho tannin (QT) on the activities of rumen microbes was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was carried out in four rumen environments created by feeding four fistulated sheep a basal diet of chopped grass hay, grass cubes and whole barley (control) with or without the addition of QT and the dietary modifier Browse Plus (BP). The active ingredients in BP are polyethylene glycol (PEG, more than 0·95 of the dry material), polyvinyI pyrrolidone (PVP) and calcium hydroxide. The diets offered were control, control plus 50 g QT per kg diet (CQT), control plus 50 g QT per kg and 0·1 (CQT+ 0·1) or 1.0 g BP per kg (CQT + 1·0). The experiment was a 4 X 4 Latin-square design with periods of 4 weeks. Rumen liquor samples were collected at 0, 2, and 8 h after feeding, 18 and 25 days after commencement of each period. Changes in free and bound proanthocyanidin (PA) concentrations, rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA), soluble protein concentrations, particle-bound cellulase and xylanase activities and rumen protozoal counts were used as indices of microbial activities. The same diets were incubated with rumen contents in vitro, except that the 0.1 g/kg level of BP was replaced by a fourth treatment made up of control plus 1·0 g BP per kg DM of hay (CBP). In vivo, bound PA concentrations in the rumen liquor of all the sheep given QT-containing diets were higher than those of the free PAs. The bound PA was higher (V < 0·05) in the rumen liquor of sheep given CQT in comparison with those containing BP. There were reductions in ammonia (P > 0·05), soluble protein (P < 0·05) and total VFA (P > 0·05) concentrations in the rumen liquor of sheep given CQT in comparison with those given the control and BP-containing diets. Reductions (P > 0·05) were also observed in the cellulase and xylanase activities of the rumen microbes and in protozoal counts (P < 0·05) in the presence of QT in the diet. In vitro, QT reduced (P > 0·05) the viable bacterial counts, gas production and the total VFA concentrations after incubation. In both the in vivo and in vitro experiments, BP was able to alleviate some but not all of the depression in microbial activities. The main constituent (PEG) in BP binds to some of the tannins in solution and may displace tannins from tannin-protein complexes.

The 1- and 2-Naphthylalanine Analogs of Oxytocin and Vasopressin

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2170-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenko Procházka ◽  
Jiřina Slaninová
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Pressor Test

Solid phase technique on p-methylbenzhydrylamine resin was used for the synthesis of four analogs of oxytocin and four analogs of vasopressin with the non-coded amino acids L- or D- and 1- or 2-naphthylalanine and D-homoarginine. [L-1-Nal2]oxytocin, [D-1-Nal2]oxytocin, [L-2-Nal2]oxytocin, [D-2-Nal2]oxytocin, [L-1-Nal2, D-Har8]vasopressin, [D-1-Nal2, D-Har8]vasopressin, [L-2-Nal2, D-Har8]vasopressin and [D-2-Nal2, D-Har8]vasopressin were synthesized. All eight analogs were found to be uterotonic inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Analogs with 2-naphthylalanine are stronger inhibitors, particularly in the vasopressin series than the analogs with 1-naphthylalanine. Analogs with 1-naphthylalanine have no activity in the pressor test, analogs with 2-naphthylalanine are weak pressor inhibitors.

scholarly journals Adipose and Muscle Cell Co-Culture System: A Novel In Vitro Tool to Mimic the In Vivo Cellular Environment

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Palaniselvam Kuppusamy ◽  
Dahye Kim ◽  
Ilavenil Soundharrajan ◽  
Inho Hwang ◽  
Ki Choon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Culture Cell ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cellular Environment

A co-culture system allows researchers to investigate the complex interactions between two cell types under various environments, such as those that promote differentiation and growth as well as those that mimic healthy and diseased states, in vitro. In this paper, we review the most common co-culture systems for myocytes and adipocytes. The in vitro techniques mimic the in vivo environment and are used to investigate the causal relationships between different cell lines. Here, we briefly discuss mono-culture and co-culture cell systems and their applicability to the study of communication between two or more cell types, including adipocytes and myocytes. Also, we provide details about the different types of co-culture systems and their applicability to the study of metabolic disease, drug development, and the role of secretory factors in cell signaling cascades. Therefore, this review provides details about the co-culture systems used to study the complex interactions between adipose and muscle cells in various environments, such as those that promote cell differentiation and growth and those used for drug development.

In vitro assessment of food-derived-glucose bioaccessibility and bioavailability in bicameral cell culture system

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Cansu Ozel-Tasci ◽  
Gozde Pilatin ◽  
Ozgur Edeer ◽  
Sukru Gulec
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Cell Culture System ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
In Vitro Assessment

AbstractBackgroundFunctional foods can help prevent metabolic diseases, and it is essential to evaluate functional characteristics of foods through in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches.ObjectiveWe aimed to use the bicameral cell culture system combined with the in vitro digestion to evaluate glucose bioavailability.Materials and methodsCake, almond paste, and pudding were modified by adding fiber and replacing sugar with sweeteners and polyols. Digestion process was modeled in test tubes. Rat enterocyte cells (IEC-6) were grown in a bicameral cell culture system to mimic the physiological characteristics of the human intestine. The glucose bioaccessibility and cellular glucose efflux were measured by glucose oxidase assay.Results and discussionThe glucose bioaccessibilities of modified foods were significantly lower (cake: 2.6 fold, almond paste: 9.2 fold, pudding 2.8 fold) than the controls. Cellular glucose effluxes also decreased in the modified cake, almond paste, and pudding by 2.2, 4, and 2 fold respectively compared to their controls.ConclusionOur results suggest that combining in vitro enzymatic digestion with cell culture studies can be a practical way to test in vitro glucose bioaccessibility and bioavailability in functional food development.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4587
Author(s):  
Fanny d’Orlyé ◽  
Laura Trapiella-Alfonso ◽  
Camille Lescot ◽  
Marie Pinvidic ◽  
Bich-Thuy Doan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Imaging Probes ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules

There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.

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