Influence of food availability and distribution on the movement patterns of a forest avian frugivore, the puff-throated bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphawan Khamcha ◽  
Tommaso Savini ◽  
Warren Y. Brockleman ◽  
Vijak Chimchome ◽  
George A. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Fruit Availability ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Fruit Productivity ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Avian Frugivore

Abstract:Bulbul species (family Pycnonotidae) are important seed dispersers in Asian forests, but almost nothing is known of their movement patterns inside intact forest, which are likely to impact forest dynamics. We examined the movement patterns of the forest-dwelling puff-throated bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus) in relation to fruit productivity and distribution of fruiting trees/lianas in an evergreen forest in north-eastern Thailand. Movement patterns of 10 groups were precisely mapped by following colour-ringed individuals in each group 4 h mo−1 for 1 y. We evaluated fruit productivity and dispersion of fruiting trees/lianas based on monthly phenologies. There were clear seasonal fluctuations in fruit availability, which appeared to affect movement patterns, particularly distance moved between fruiting trees, time spent feeding and food selection. When fruit availability was low, bulbuls spent more time on average at a given food plant and moved longer distances between fruiting plants than compared with periods of higher fruit availability (low availability: 58 s, 83.2 m; high availability: 10 s, 43.4 m). This study points to the importance of seasonal availability of fruit resources on frugivore movement patterns. Seasonal dynamics of movement may be useful for understanding interactions between fruiting trees and their dispersers, and forest tree recruitment patterns.

Seed scatterhoarding by white-tailed rats: consequences for seedling recruitment by an Australian rain forest tree

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAD C. THEIMER
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Seedling Dynamics ◽  
Avian Frugivore ◽  
Casuarius Casuarius

The role of white-tailed rats (Uromys caudimaculatus) as dispersers of seeds of the Australian tropical rain forest tree Beilschmiedia bancroftii, (Lauraceae) was investigated by following the fates of seeds and seedlings over 2 y. Fruits of this tree are too large to be consumed by any avian frugivore except the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius), and the only other native mammal capable of dispersing the seeds is the musky rat kangaroo (Hypsiprimnodon moschatus). However, neither of these species has been documented to disperse the seeds of this tree. During a mast year, white-tailed rats cached seeds an average of 13 m from parent trees in a variety of microsites. Although none of the 61 cached seeds followed in this study survived to germination, comparison of seed, cache and seedling distributions suggested that most seedlings arose from rat-cached seeds. White-tailed rats cached seeds in both mast and non-mast years, but the time seeds remained on the forest floor and in caches was significantly shorter in non-mast years, suggesting that synchronous seed production increases the probability that some caches survive to germination. Because white-tailed rats are the most common and widespread native mammal capable of dispersing large-seeds, this study suggests that they may play an important role in the seed and seedling dynamics of large-seeded tree species in Australian tropical rain forests.

Behaviour and food selection of Heterocypris incongruens (Ostracoda)

Crustaceana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1097-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Miličić ◽  
A. P. Majstorović ◽  
S. B. Pavković-Lučić ◽  
T. T. Savić
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Heterocypris Incongruens ◽  
Selection Of

In this work, the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr, 1808) was used to analyse three of its behavioural activities (feeding, swimming and resting) and its food preference. The majority of the individuals spent their time swimming. However, towards the end of the experiment, the number of individuals found feeding increased. The overall time spent feeding throughout the experiment was significantly longer than the time spent swimming and resting. Spinach was the most frequently used food, followed by mosquito larvae, Cyclops (plankton mix) and Spirulina mix. The retention time spent in the compartment containing spinach was also significantly longer than the time spent on all other items.

scholarly journals Species richness and phytogeography of the Bryophyte flora of the Guianas, with special reference to the lowland forest

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Gradstein ◽  
D. Montfoort ◽  
J. H.C. Cornelissen
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
General Character ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Lowland Rain Forest ◽  
Dry Evergreen Forest ◽  
Species Area ◽  
The Guianas

The Guianas (French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana) are probably one of the last areas of the world covered largely by virgin lowland rain forest. Species diversity of epiphytic bryophytes was investigated in dry evergreen forest and mixed forest using mountaineering techniques to ascend into the canopy. The results indicate that the lowland rain forest is richer in species than previously believed due to neglect of the canopy flora, which may hold more than 50% of the local species. The mixed forest holds the richest flora and on one single forest tree up to 67 bryophyte species were found (50 on average); 28 trees yielded 154 species. A species/area curve indicates that epiphytic bryophyte species are usually commonly distributed in the forest and a few trees may yield much of the local flora. A recent checklist of the Guianas includes over 600 species of bryophytes: 375 Hepaticae and 234 Musci. As the region lacks in altitude (except on Mt. Roraima) the general character of the bryophyte flora of the Guianas is typically lowland neotropical. Over 80% of the species are rather widespread in tropical America (Amazonian species included), and the remaining are Guayana Highlands, northern Amazonian or Caribbean elements. Endemism is very low: 2.5 %.

Relations between fruits and disperser assemblages in a Malagasy littoral forest: a community-level approach

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Bollen ◽  
Linda Van Elsacker ◽  
Jörg U. Ganzhorn
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Frugivorous Birds ◽  
Eulemur Fulvus ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Littoral Forest ◽  
Fruit Productivity

Interactions among fleshy fruits and frugivore assemblages are presented from a 1-y study in the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, south-eastern Madagascar. This community-level approach allowed us to determine food selection by all consumer species and to evaluate the role different frugivores play in seed dispersal and predation. For this, interactions between 136 consumed fruit species and 13 frugivorous species were studied. Fruit and seed size were the most important physical factors determining food selection of all consumer species. Nutritionally birds favoured and mammals avoided lipid-rich fruits. For Cheirogaleus spp., that go into torpor, there was a trend to select sugar-rich fruit pulp. However, for numerous fruit traits the consumer species had no clear feeding preferences and they seemed to be quite flexible, eating whatever was available. This might be related to unpredictable fruit availability and low fruit productivity in the littoral forest, which may also partially explain the low number of frugivores present. Nevertheless frugivores have different impacts on seed dispersal. Eulemur fulvus collaris is particularly important for the dispersal of large-seeded species, while frugivorous birds and flying foxes ensure plant regeneration between and outside forest fragments. In terms of conservation, heterogeneous seed transport is particularly important for this severely degraded littoral forest.

Food choices of the mountain gorilla in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: the influence of nutrients, phenolics and availability

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Ganas ◽  
Sylvia Ortmann ◽  
Martha M. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
National Park ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Mountain Gorilla ◽  
Fruit Availability ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Abstract:The factors that influence food choice have implications for animal survival, reproduction and population growth. We conducted a 1-y study of food choice by four mountain gorilla groups that consumed herbs and fruit at two locations differing spatially and temporally in food availability in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. We collected data on 45 important foods consumed by the gorillas, the availability of those foods in each gorilla group's home range and their corresponding nutrient and phenolic concentrations. Employing a linear multiple regression, we tested three hypotheses regarding the influence of food availability and the nutritional and phenolic concentrations of food on food choice. Regardless of changes in herb availability, the choice of herbs was positively influenced by their abundance and sugar concentrations and negatively influenced by their fibre, condensed tannin and protein concentrations. Furthermore, regardless of changes in fruit availability, the choice of fruit was positively influenced by its abundance and negatively influenced by its condensed tannin concentrations. During periods of low fruit availability, the gorillas did not increase the consumption of herbs high in fibre and sugar. The choice of herbs low in fibre had less of an influence on food choice at the location with lower fruit availability than the other location. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating both availability and nutrient concentrations into studies of food choice; by doing so we found Bwindi gorillas were able to choose abundant, relatively high-quality foods year round.

Quantifying Mineral Intake and the Role of Minerals on Food Selection in Angola Black and White Colobus Monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Noah T. Dunham ◽  
Paul Otieno Opere
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Colobus Angolensis ◽  
Black And White Colobus ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Free Ranging

Minerals are vital for many metabolic processes, and mineral deficiencies can adversely impact health and fitness. Mineral concentrations of food items are commonly reported in primate nutritional ecology studies and have been identified as important factors in primate food selection; however, very few studies have quantified daily mineral intake of free-ranging primates. We examined the concentration of 9 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in foods consumed by <i>Colobus angolensis palliatus</i> inhabiting the Diani Forest of Kenya, and test whether individuals preferentially selected leaves in accordance with their mineral concentrations. We also examined the effects of sex, group, and season on daily mineral intake, quantifying both percentage-based and mass-based intakes. We then compared daily mineral intake values to published recommendations. Behavioral data and plant samples were collected from July 2014 to December 2015. We found that individuals preferred leaves with greater P content and lower Ca content. Daily mineral intake differed significantly between sexes and among groups and seasons. These results are interpretable via differences in time spent feeding and total energy intake. Intakes fell below percentage-based recommendations for P, Na, Fe, Cu, and Mn but met or exceeded mass-based recommendations for all minerals except Na. This discrepancy is likely explained by the conservative nature of percentage-based mineral recommendations and the difficulty of comparing and scaling mass-based mineral recommendations among primate species. Studies that quantify daily mineral intake are needed to better understand the role of minerals on dietary selection, more accurately identify potential mineral deficiencies, and provide more informed recommendations for captive primates.

scholarly journals Uvariopsis ebo (Annonaceae) a new, Critically Endangered tree species from the Ebo Forest, Cameroon and a key to the Cameroonian species of Uvariopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Gosline ◽  
Martin Cheek ◽  
Jean Michel Onana ◽  
Eric Ngansop ◽  
Xander van der Burgt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Endangered Tree ◽  
Endangered Tree Species ◽  
Littoral Region

A new species to science of evergreen forest tree, Uvariopsis ebo (Annonaceae) is described, illustrated, mapped, and compared morphologically with the other cauliflorous species of the genus. Restricted so far to a single site in evergreen lowland forest in the Ebo Forest, Yabassi, Littoral Region, Cameroon, this species is Critically Endangered using the IUCN 2012 standard, because the forest habitat of this species remains unprotected, and there exists threats of logging and conversion to plantations. This species adds to the growing list of threatened species resulting from anthropogenic pressure on Cameroon forests. Observations on the unusual corolla structure of the new species are made. A revised key to the 14 Cameroonian species of Uvariopsis is presented. Notes are given on other narrowly endemic and threatened species in the Ebo forest area, a highly threatened centre of diversity in Littoral Region, globally important for conservation.

Apigenin-7-O-Β-D-Glucuronide Methyl Ester Isolated from Manilkara zapota Leaves

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalakararao K ◽  
Krishna Chaitanya K ◽  
Gopalakrishnan V. K. ◽  
Zenebe Hagos ◽  
Kalayu Mesfin Arefaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Lowland Rain Forest ◽  
Manilkara Zapota

In nature there are numerous plants available with medicinal properties. Around 70 % of medicinal plants are found in tropical areas of India. The search for natural products and compounds derived from natural sources has played a vital role in drug discovery due to their pharmacological importance. Compounds isolated from botanical sources remain an important source of several clinically useful anti-inflammatory agents. Manilkara zapota is a large, evergreen forest tree belongs to family sapotaceae. It is commonly known as chiku (Hindi), sofeda (Bengali) sapodilla and sapoti (French), chickle tree, hase berry, tree potato (English). Manilkara zapota is a species of lowland rain forest. Manilkara zapota and its different parts have been traditionally used for alleviating inflammation related diseases such as arthritis, cancer and skin infections. The present study aims to isolate, structurally characterize and analyze the bioactive compound from Manilkara zapota by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques on the basis of inhibitory effects on sPLA2 by activity guided fractionation of ethyl acetate extract of Manilkara zapota leaves. Among the six fractions (F1-F6) tested fraction-5 showed significant inhibitory effects on sPLA2 activity hence fraction -5 was further subjected to structural analysis for identification of bioactive compounds by using analytical techniques such as TLC, HPLC, FT-IR, LC-MS and 1H ,13C NMR studies. The isolated compound identified as apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester.

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