World Englishes and English-Using Communities

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 66-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braj B. Kachru
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conference Presentations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

This survey includes studies published mainly—but not exclusively—during the 1990s and focuses on literature that brings to the debate on world Englishes theoretical, conceptual, descriptive, ideological, and power-related concerns. The concept “world Englishes”—its genesis and its theoretical, contextual, and pedagogical implications and appropriateness—has been discussed during the past two decades in several programmatic studies and conference presentations (see B. Kachru 1994a). The concept, though not necessarily the term “world Englishes,” gradually evolved during the post-colonial period after the 1960s. It refers to the recognition of a unique linguistic phenomenon, and particularly to the changing contexts of the post-1940s. It was during this period that post-Imperial Englishes were being gradually institutionalized in the language policies of the changed political, educational, and ideological contexts of what were earlier the colonies of the UK and the USA. The earlier tradition of cross-cultural and cross-linguistic acquisition of English, its teaching, and its transformations were being reevaluated by some researchers. The major concerns of this reevaluation include the implications of pluricentricity (Clyne 1992), the new and emerging norms of performance, and the acceptance of the bilingual's creativity as a manifestation of the contextual and formal hybridity of Englishes. In other words, a critical evaluation of earlier paradigms was slowly initiated.

scholarly journals British diplomacy of money and trade

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-158
Author(s):  
Ognjen Pribicevic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
British Foreign Policy ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Uk Foreign Policy ◽  
The Eu

Leaving the EU is one of the major political decisions made in the UK over the past half-century. Brexit brought about a virtual political earthquake not only in EU-UK relations but also in terms of UK future place and role on the international scene. Immediately after the decision of UK citizens to leave the EU at a referendum held on 23 June 2016, the question arose as to whether the UK will lose some of its international influence, whether Scotland will remain part of the Union, whether the UK will retain its privileged relations and special status with the USA, and what its future relations with the EU will be. The purpose of this article is to point to the basic priorities of the contemporary British foreign policy as well as to place and role of the UK on the contemporary international scene particularly in view of its decision to leave the EU. We shall first try to define the status of present-day Britain in international relations. Second, we shall address the traditional dilemma of the UK foreign policy - what should be given priority - relations with the USA, Europe or the Commonwealth? After that, we shall discuss in more detail the phases the UK foreign policy went through following the end of the cold war. In the third phase, we shall analyze the British contemporary foreign and economic policy towards Gulf countries and China. In the fourth part of the article, we shall discuss relations with the USA. It should be pointed out that the article does not seek to analyze all aspects of British foreign policy, even if we wanted to, due to a shortage of time. Of course, the topic of Brexit will be present in all chapters and especially in the last one and conclusion remarks. By its decision to leave the EU, the UK appears to have given priority to its relations with the USA, China, Gulf countries as well as Commonwealth countries instead of the EU which has been economically and politically dominant over the past few decades. This decision taken by UK citizens will no doubt have a great impact not only on their personal lives and standard of living but on the UK role in international relations. Despite its military, political, economic and cultural capacities, it is highly unlikely that the UK will manage to overcome the consequences of an exit from the single market, currently generating 18 trillion dollars on an annual basis as well as the loss of a privileged partner role with the USA within the Union. We are, therefore, more likely to believe that in the foreseeable future, the role of the UK on the international scene will continue to decline and be increasingly focused on its economic and financial interests. Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 47010: Drustvene transformacije u procesu evropskih integracija - multidisciplinarni pristup]

Conclusion

1999 ◽  
pp. 248-254
Author(s):  
Michael Lavalette
Keyword(s):  
Child Labour ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Michael Lavalette concludes with a warning that child labour is not a thing of the past. He references historical reports of the issue of child labour and briefly assesses the legal movements and regulations that have been put into place to resolve the issue. Lavalette concludes with a comment on international capitalism, arguing that as a result of its presence in the UK and the USA, child employment and family poverty are forced to overlap.

How screening started

Screening ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Angela E. Raffle ◽  
Anne Mackie ◽  
J. A. Muir Gray
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Informed Choice ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Randomised Control Trials ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk

This chapter explains how health screening began, how the aims have evolved, how evidence and organisation influenced matters, and how challenges in the future will give rise to continuing change. It begins with Gould’s address in 1900 to the American Medical Association and charts events that led, almost by accident, to the institution of comprehensive annual testing of healthy adults in the USA, and to 5 day hospital-based ‘Human Dry Dock’ screening for Japanese executives. Scientific challenge then came from two randomised control trials, which failed to find benefit, but by then screening had become an important commercial activity. Using the UK cervical screening programme as a case study, the chapter explores how the optimism of the 1960s led through disillusionment, then to programme organisation and, by the 1990s, an era of realism. Evolution of the Wilson and Jungner criteria as an aid for policy making is covered. A key challenge now is to ensure best value policy, high quality systematic programme delivery and informed choice in the face of commercial forces that lead to the glossing over of screening’s complexities and far reaching consequences.

Situating World Englishes into a History of English Course

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh M. Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Encounter ◽  
World English ◽  
Local Logics

This chapter will address the teaching of “post-colonial Englishes,” focusing on the sociopolitical and cultural conditions that enabled changes in English as it was used during, and after, the colonial encounter. To capture the complexity of linguistic hybridities associated with plural identities, our disciplinary discourses of the global use and acquisition of English must (i) liberate the field of World Englishes from the orthodoxies of the past and instead connect it to a more general theory of the sociolinguistics of globalization, and, especially (ii) bring into focus local forms shaped by the local logics of practice. This chapter discusses specific examples of the practice of creativity in grammar, discourse, and sociolinguistic use of World English varieties.

Post-2000 Law-based Educational Governance in Israel: From Equality to Diversity?

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Gibton
Keyword(s):  
School Reform ◽  
Educational Reform ◽  
Education System ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Educational Governance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Liberal Societies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Diverse Setting ◽  
The Uk

This article analyses patterns of post 2000 governance in Israel’s education system. Drawing upon literature on educational regimes, governance in neo-liberal societies (for example, the UK and the USA), law-based educational reform and policy analysis, this study sets out to inquire how Israel’s system was governed with minimal legislation for 60 years. The main theme that emerges is that, although the forces that govern Israel’s landscape are similar to those in many post-industrialist western countries, the processes are quite different due to lack of decisive school reform, thus offering potential for a diverse setting, but with increasing distance from former equalizing and de-segregative vigour that portrayed the system in the past.

Ethnic Hegemony and Problems of Inclusion in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago: Retrospect and Prospect

Itinerario ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Kelvin Singh
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
First Century ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Subsequent Disappearance

Ethnic hegemony has been the pattern of governance in the Caribbean since the first century of colonialism, with a small but powerful elite of European ancestry directly controlling the destiny of these territories until the 1960s, when a new African-based political hegemony developed. The conquest and subsequent disappearance of the native inhabitants, followed by the steady development of plantation economies on the basis of slave and contract labour, which in turn influenced heavily the emergence of a race-based system of social stratification in these colonies, are too well known to warrant repetition here. The main concern of this paper is to examine, in the context of ethnic and class formations, the political and social dynamics of the post-colonial period with a view to prognosticating probable developments in the ensuing decades of the twenty-first century.

Is Indonesia Producing Enough Business Graduates to Assist its Development Aspirations?

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kym Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Business Graduates ◽  
Business Degrees ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Detrimental Impact ◽  
Education Business

Business plays an important role in most economies around the world, but businesses rely on the higher education system to supply an adequate number of qualified business graduates. In nations such as the USA, the UK and Australia, business degrees are the most popular university qualification; and the growth in the number of Chinese students undertaking business degrees in universities outside their home country over the past decade has been astronomical. In contrast, for Indonesia there has been a decline in the number of business degrees being undertaken abroad and at home. Indonesia has set a number of ambitious development goals and if these are to be achieved, there will need to be increasing activity from the business sector. Therefore, it is argued, questions should be raised about the current declining rate of student numbers in higher education business degree courses, and about whether the trend will have a detrimental impact on the future development aspirations of this highly populated country.

scholarly journals Electronic theses: some recent developments

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (77) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Digital Library ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Humboldt University ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Theses And Dissertations

The Autumn 1999 edition - LIRN 75 - included an article by the author which examined activities relating to the production and use of electronic theses in the UK and the USA. Since that review was written there have been several significant developments in terms of progress with existing projects and enthusiasm for new ventures. This article considers the expansion of the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) over the past two years, UNESCO support for developments in this area, the 'Digital Dissertations' project at Humboldt University in Berlin, the Australian DigitaiTheses project,and related activities in the UK.

scholarly journals Russell Hamilton’s Voices from an Empire: A Pioneering Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brookshaw
Keyword(s):  
African Literature ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Portuguese Literature ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk

The study of African literature in Portuguese was a largely vacant field in universities in the USA and the UK in the 1960s, in contrast to the emerging study of Anglophone and Francophone African literatures, which were well under way as both Britain and France completed their processes of decolonization. In the 1960s, Gerald Moser had raised awareness of individual writers such as the neo-realist novelist Castro Soromenho, and Clive Willis had translated the ethnographic tales of Óscar Ribas; however, Russell Hamilton was the first to write a comprehensive, cohesive, and balanced study of the field in Voices from an Empire: A History of Afro-Portuguese Literature.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Analysis of Atopic Dermatitis Research over the Past Three Decades and Future Perspectives

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1749
Author(s):  
Dongwon Kim ◽  
Younbyoung Chae ◽  
Hi-Joon Park ◽  
In-Seon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keywords Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been increasing in prevalence over the past few decades; however, AD has never been analyzed using a bibliometric approach. We searched for AD studies in the dermatology and allergy category of the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases using the keywords “atopic dermatitis”, “eczema”, and “atopy”. In total, 53,460 documents were retrieved. We analyzed annual publication trends and performed keyword and co-authorship network analyses. The annual number of AD publications has increased over the years. Asthma, food allergies, the skin barrier, IgE, and epidemiology have received extensive attention. The keywords ‘allergic rhinitis’, ‘child(ren)’, ‘quality of life’, and ‘probiotics’ have become more commonly used in recent years. AD research has been led by only a few countries, such as the USA, Germany, and the UK, and longstanding research topics such as asthma, allergy, and the immune system continue to be important. We suggest that global collaborations, research in developing countries, and research that is more holistic (thus exploring how genes, the immune system, the environment, and the microbiome together impact AD) are necessary.

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