What is a deep expert system? An analysis of the architectural requirements of second-generation expert systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Keravnou ◽  
J. Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Robust Solutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interaction Problem ◽  
Computer Interaction

AbstractFirst-generation expert systems have significant limitations, often attributed to their not being sufficiently deep. However, a generally accepted answer to “What is a deep expert system?” is still to be given. To answer this question one needs to answer “Why do first-generation systems exhibit the limitations they do?” thus identifying what is missing from first-generation systems and therefore setting the design objectives for second-generation (i.e. deep) systems. Several second-generation architectures have been proposed; inherent in each of these architectures is a definition of deepness. Some of the proposed architectures have been designed with the objective of alleviating a subset, rather than the whole set, of the first-generation limitations. Such approaches are prone to local, non-robust solutions. In this paper we analyze the limitations (under the categories: human-computer interaction, problem-solving flexibility, and extensibility) of the first-generation expert systems thus setting design goals for second-generation systems. On the basis of this analysis proposed second-generation architectures are reviewed and compared. The paper concludes by presenting requirements for a generic second-generation architecture.

Towards Constructing Emotional Landscapes with Music

2011 ◽  
pp. 227-271
Author(s):  
Dave Billinge ◽  
Tom Addis
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Computable Model ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Initial Investigation ◽  
Human Sense ◽  
Computer Interaction

This chapter describes how the authors arrived at a new paradigm for human-computer interaction that they call tropic mediation. They describe the origins of the research in a wish to provide a concert planner with an expert system. Some consideration is given to how music might have arisen within human culture and, in particular, why it presents unique problems of verbal description. An initial investigation into a discrete, stable lexicon of musical effect is summarized and the authors explain how and why they reached their current work on a computable model of word connotation rather than reference. It is concluded that machines, in order to communicate with people, will need to work with a model of emotional implication to approach the “human” sense of words.

Context-Awareness and Mobile Devices

2008 ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anind K. Dey ◽  
Jonna Häkkilä
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Mobile Computing ◽  
Ubiquitous Computing ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Context Awareness ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mobile Context ◽  
Computer Interaction

Context-awareness is a maturing area within the field of ubiquitous computing. It is particularly relevant to the growing sub-field of mobile computing as a user’s context changes more rapidly when a user is mobile, and interacts with more devices and people in a greater number of locations. In this chapter, we present a definition of context and context-awareness and describe its importance to human-computer interaction and mobile computing. We describe some of the difficulties in building context-aware applications and the solutions that have arisen to address these. Despite these solutions, users have difficulties in using and adopting mobile context-aware applications. We discuss these difficulties and present a set of eight design guidelines that can aid application designers in producing more usable and useful mobile context-aware applications.

Context-Awareness and Mobile Devices

2009 ◽  
pp. 3222-3235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anind K. Dey ◽  
Jonna Häkkilä
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Mobile Computing ◽  
Ubiquitous Computing ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Context Awareness ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mobile Context ◽  
Computer Interaction

Context-awareness is a maturing area within the field of ubiquitous computing. It is particularly relevant to the growing sub-field of mobile computing as a user’s context changes more rapidly when a user is mobile, and interacts with more devices and people in a greater number of locations. In this chapter, we present a definition of context and context-awareness and describe its importance to human-computer interaction and mobile computing. We describe some of the dif- ficulties in building context-aware applications and the solutions that have arisen to address these. Despite these solutions, users have difficulties in using and adopting mobile context-aware applications. We discuss these difficulties and present a set of eight design guidelines that can aid application designers in producing more usable and useful mobile context-aware applications.

Knowledge-acquisition tools with explicit problem-solving models

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Birmingham ◽  
Georg Klinker
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Code Generation ◽  
System Development ◽  
Generalization Error ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
The Past

AbstractIn the past decade, expert systems have been applied to a wide variety of application tasks. A central problem of expert system development and maintenance is the demand placed on knowledge engineers and domain experts. A commonly proposed solution is knowledge-acquisition tools. This paper reviews a class of knowledge-acquisition tools that presuppose the problem-solving method, as well as the structure of the knowledge base. These explicit problem-solving models are exploited by the tools during knowledge-acquisition, knowledge generalization, error checking and code generation.

Critical Review of Expert System Validation in Transportation

1997 ◽  
Vol 1588 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Spring
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
System Validation ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Expert system validation—that is, testing systems to ascertain whether they achieve acceptable performance levels—has with few exceptions been ad hoc, informal, and of dubious value. Very few efforts have been made in this regard in the transportation area. A discussion of the major issues involved in validating expert systems is provided, as is a review of the work that has been done in this area. The review includes a definition of validation within the context of the overall evaluation process, descriptions and critiques of several approaches to validation, and descriptions of guidelines that have been developed for this purpose.

Types of control structure in expert systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Distinct Separation

The concept of an expert system covers an increasingly large group of software packages which often have more dissimilarities than points in common. We shall not attempt to give a precise definition of an expert system here, because this might impose too restrictive a framework on the rest of our discussion. We shall simply state that, as is generally recognized, an expert system is a piece of software intended to resolve a certain category of problems, that it uses for this purpose a large quantity of knowledge specific to the field in question, and that in each expert system there is a very distinct separation between this knowledge and the procedures which make use of it.

Application and experience with expert systems for the operation of waste water treatment plants

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gösta Ladiges ◽  
Artur Mennerich
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plants ◽  
A Current

Expert systems have been shown to be a good method for combining the different information that is required and is useful for the operation of waste water treatment plants. This paper describes the contents of and experience with the expert system EXTRA, that has been developed for optimizing and problem solving purposes. The system has been applied at two plants since 1992 and 1993. Within a current project a third application will be installed until summer 1995.

Liutex and Third Generation of Vortex Identification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Yu ◽  
Charles Nottage ◽  
Oscar Alvarez ◽  
Chaoqun Liu
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Vortex Identification ◽  
Identification Methods ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rotation Strength ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Scientists developed many vortex identification methods and Liu classified the traditional vortex identification methods into two generations. Vorticity and vorticity-based methods belong to the first generation while eigenvalues-based methods are considered as the second generation, such as Q criterion and λci method. However, although these methods are widely used, there is still room for improvements. People used to consider direction of vorticity is the swirling axis and the magnitude of it is the rotation strength, but the predictions by vorticity does not match the experiment very well which drove scientists to develop the second-generation methods. All the second-generation methods are scalar-valued and as a result they are unable to locate the swirling. Another problem is even though second-generation methods can predict vortex better than vorticity, they are more or less contaminated by shear. To solve these problems, Liu innovated Liutex recently. Liutex is a vector quantity whose direction represents rotation axis and whose magnitude represents rotation strength. Firstly, the physical essence of rotation axis is provided coming with the mathematical definition of swirling axis which is the direction of Liutex. Secondly, orthogonal transformations are used to find out the rigid rotation speed and that speed is defined as the strength of Liutex. Wang later proposed an explicit formula to calculate Liutex strength without doing orthogonal transformations which makes it much easier to apply Liutex method. Some theories dependent on Liutex concept have been proposed these years. Liutex core lines represent the core of vortex which can uniquely and clearly show vortex structure. Principal coordinate is a special coordinate in which it is easy to decompose the velocity gradient tensor into rotation, shear and stretching parts correctly. And principal decomposition is the decomposition in principal coordinate. The Liutex theory system is gradually formed and they are considered as the third generation by Liu.

COOP: A SELF-ASSESSMENT BASED APPROACH TO COOPERATING EXPERT SYSTEMS

1992 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 175-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHASHI SHEKHAR ◽  
C. V. RAMAMOORTHY
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Contract Net ◽  
Distributed Problem Solving ◽  
Geographically Distributed

Conventional Expert System Shells do not help in developing AI programs for large applications like automated factories, which require multi-disciplinary knowledge and which are geographically distributed. To support these applications, a shell must provide tools for a knowledge-based system to (i) reason about the need for cooperation, (ii) understand global knowledge to locate relevant expert systems and (iii) select appropriate cooperation plans. Contemporary approaches like Blackboard [1], Contract-net [2] and Distributed problem solving [3] help in exploring alternative cooperation plans without any reasoning about the need for cooperation and understanding of global knowledge. Coop [4] support cooperation models to characterize three essential decisions in the cooperation process. It provides a computational method to decide if an expert system needs to consult with other expert systems. We provide techniques select appropriate cooperation plans.

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