Marking of verb transitivity by Hebrew-speaking children

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Good Grasp ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hebrew Verbs

ABSTRACTThe study examines children's command of transitivity permutations in Hebrew, where a change in verb-argument syntax entails a change in verb-morphology. 30 children aged two, three and eight were required to produce existing and novel Hebrew verbs differing in transitivity. Younger children showed a good grasp of the syntax and semantics, but not the morphological marking of transitivity, three-year-olds did much better, and eight-year-olds produced mainly adultlike responses. Results were higher on existing verbs than on novel forms. Direction of change had little effect with existing verbs, but with novel verbs success was much higher in changing intransitive to transitive forms than the converse. Some alternations proved easier than others, e.g. intransitive activity verbs in the basic pa'al verb-pattern yielded more causative hif'il forms than intransitive inchoative verbs in the nif'al pattern. Findings throw light on the development of derivational morphology, item-based versus class-based learning, and the impact of lexical productivity and language-particular properties on acquisition.

scholarly journals Patterns of Adaptation in Child-Directed and Child Speech in the Emergence of Hebrew Verbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elitzur Dattner ◽  
Ronit Levie ◽  
Dorit Ravid ◽  
Orit Ashkenazi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Ambient Language ◽  
Hebrew Verbs ◽  
Parent Child

Children approach verb learning in ways that are specific to their native language, given the differential typological organization of verb morphology and lexical semantics. Parent-child interaction is the arena where children's socio-cognitive abilities enable them to track predictive relationships between tokens and extract linguistic generalizations from patterns and regularities in the ambient language. The current study examines how the system of Hebrew verbs develops as a network over time in early childhood, and the dynamic role of input-output adaptation in the network's increasing complexity. Focus is on the morphological components of Hebrew verbs in a dense corpus of two parent-child dyads in natural interaction between the ages 1;8-2;2. The 91-hour corpus contained 371,547 word tokens, 62,824 verb tokens, and 1,410 verb types (lemmas) in CDS and CS together. Network analysis was employed to explore the changing distributions and emergent systematicity of the relations between verb roots and verb patterns. Taking the Semitic root and pattern morphological constructs to represent linked nodes in a network, findings show that children's networks change with age in terms of node degree and node centrality, representing linkage level and construct importance respectively; and in terms of network density, as representing network growth potential. We put forward three main hypotheses followed by findings concerning (i) changes in verb usage through development, (ii) CS adaptation, and (iii) CDS adaptation: First, we show that children go through punctuated development, expressed by their using individual constructs for short periods of time, whereas parents' patterns of usage are more coherent. Second, regarding CS adaptation within a dynamic network system relative to time and CDS, we conclude that children are attuned to their immediate experience consisting of current CDS usage as well as previous usage in the immediate past. Finally, we show that parents (unintentionally) adapt to their children's language knowledge in three ways: First, by relating to their children's current usage. Second, by expanding on previous experience, building upon the usage their children have already been exposed to. And third, we show that when parents experience a limited network in the speech of their children, they provide them with more opportunities to expand their system in future interactions.

A Reanalysis of Paradigmatic Variation in the Old Spanish Imperfect

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractResearch on the history of the Old Spanish imperfect paradigm in -ie has yet to provide a consistent account of the morphological and phonological factors that contributed to the eradication of this paradigm from Spanish verb morphology. A detailed analysis that takes into account the interaction of factors that played an integral part in the evolution of other facets of Old Spanish morphology and phonology may shed more light on the disappearance of the -ie paradigm and the eventual restoration of its etymological competitor in -ia. The current investigation compares data from four Old Spanish texts with the purpose of examining the impact that five linguistic variables had on the Old Spanish imperfect between the late 13

scholarly journals The impact of number mismatch and passives on the real-time processing of relative clauses

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLA CONTEMORI ◽  
THEODOROS MARINIS
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Input Strings ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTLanguage processing plays a crucial role in language development, providing the ability to assign structural representations to input strings (e.g., Fodor, 1998). In this paper we aim at contributing to the study of children's processing routines, examining the operations underlying the auditory processing of relative clauses in children compared to adults. English-speaking children (6;0–8;11) and adults participated in the study, which employed a self-paced listening task with a final comprehension question. The aim was to determine (i) the role of number agreement in object relative clauses in which the subject and object NPs differ in terms of number properties, and (ii) the role of verb morphology (active vs. passive) in subject relative clauses. Even though children's off-line accuracy was not always comparable to that of adults, analyses of reaction times results support the view that children have the same structural processing reflexes observed in adults.

scholarly journals Lainasanojen vaikutus suomen kirjakielen johtomorfologiaan.

Virittäjä ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila
Keyword(s):  
Language Planning ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Central Purpose ◽  
Over Time

Johtimien suuri määrä on kuulunut suomen kielen ominaispiirteisiin kautta aikojen. Suomi on ollut kirjallisilla vuosisadoilla eli 1500-luvulta nykypäivään johdin-ainesten suhteen hyvin omavarainen, mutta tästä huolimatta kieleen on omaksuttu laina-sanaston mukana muutamia johtimia. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, kuinka kirjallisena aikana lainatut johtimet on omaksuttu suomen sananmuodostukseen, milloin vierasperäisellä johtimella on alettu muodostaa uutta sanastoa ja minkälaista johtimen käyttö on eri aikoina ollut. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tehtävänä on selvittää lainaamisen taustalla oleva motivaatio: miksi ja mihin funktioon runsasjohtiminen kieli on lainannut muilta? Tutkimuksen keskiös-sä ovat sekä omalähtöiselle sanan-muodostukselle mallin tarjonneet lainasanat että näiden mukaan muodostettu uusi sanasto. Yksityis-kohtaisen tarkastelun kohteena ovat lainaperäiset nna- ja isti-johtimet. Vertailun vuoksi tarkastellaan lisäksi skA-, tAr- ja ismi-johdoksia. Suomen lainajohtimet edustavat semanttisesti ja rakenteellisesti kielissä tyypillisesti lainautuvia johtimia. Ne osoittautuvatkin lainatuiksi myös niissä kielissä, joista ne on omaksuttu suomeen. Johdinainesten lainaaminen suomen kieleen on sidoksissa yhteiskunnan muutoksiin, kirjakielistymiseen ja uusien ilmaisu-keinojen tarpeeseen. Semanttisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisen lisäksi lainajohtimilla on voitu täydentää oma-peräistä sananmuodostussysteemiä niiltä osin kuin siinä on produktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia rajoitteita. Yleisesti ottaen suomen ei ole lainattu johtimia ilman syytä ja tarvetta. Kielenohjailu on suhtautunut lainaperäisiin johtimiin torjuvasti, mikä on osaltaan vaikuttanut niiden vakiintumiseen. Tuoreiden ja innovatiivisten johdosten muodostusta se ei kuitenkaan ole estänyt. The impact of loanwords on the derivational morphology of written Finnish: Diachronic study on the borrowing of suffixes during the literary centuries An abundance of derivational morphology has been a characteristic of the Finnish language throughout the ages. During the literary centuries (from the 16th century to the present), Finnish has been particularly self-sufficient in terms of suffixes. There are, however, a few suffixes that have been adopted into Finnish. The present study examines how these few borrowed derivative elements were adopted into native Finnish word formation, when the foreign suffixes began to be used for lexical innovations, and how these elements have been used over time. The central purpose of this diachronic study is to map the motivations behind the borrowing: why and to what purpose does a language with a significant amount of derivational morphology borrow affixes from other languages? The study focuses on loanwords that have provided a model for native word formation as well as lexical innovations in Finnish through these models. Specific focus is given to the loan suffixes -nna and -isti. For comparison the suffixes -skA, -tAr, and -ismi will also be examined. The borrowed suffixes of Finnish are semantically and structurally representative of the kinds of affixes typically borrowed across languages. The same suffixes were first borrowed into the languages from which they were borrowed into Finnish. The adoption of suffixes into the Finnish language is connected to changes in society, the development of the literary language, and the need for new means of expression. In addition to meeting semantic needs, borrowed suffixes have also been used to complement the native system of word formation in places where any limitations affecting productivity exist. In general, suffixes have not been borrowed into Finnish without a specific purpose or need. Language planning in Finland has traditionally had quite a negative attitude towards borrowed suffixes, and this has had an effect on such suffixes becoming established in the language. However, such attitudes have not prevented the formation of new and innovative derivatives.

Complexity and density of Hebrew verbs in preschool peer talk

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronit Levie ◽  
Elitzur Dattner ◽  
Racheli Zwilling ◽  
Hadas Rosenstein ◽  
Shirly Eitan Stanzas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Peer Talk ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Verb Lexicon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hebrew Verbs

Abstract Hebrew verbs were analyzed in the peer talk produced by 36 Hebrew-speaking children in two age/schooling groups (4;0–5;0 and 5;0–6;0 years), and from two socio-economic backgrounds (SES), mid-high and low. Each of the four age/SES groups consisted of nine children in three triads, where each triad was recorded for 30 minutes while playing. The interface of lexical and morphological growth was demonstrated in the developing organization of verbs in terms of roots, binyan conjugations and derivational families. SES was found the major source of variation in all measures, indicating a smaller and less specific verb lexicon in the low SES groups. Network analyses, a novel methodological approach, revealed the internal structure of the verb category in each age/SES cell, pointing to a scarce and less complex verb lexicon of the low SES groups. These measures also accounted for the growth potential of the network, increasing from the younger low SES group at one pole and peaking in the older mid-high SES at the other pole. These quantitative and qualitative differences in the morphological make-up of the verb lexicon and its usage patterns in preschool peer talk have implications for the impact of SES on verb learning in Hebrew.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Cesare Guaita ◽  
Roberto Crippa ◽  
Federico Manzini
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Organic Syntheses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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