The Tiananmen Papers Revisited

2004 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 190-214
Author(s):  
Alfred L. Chan ◽  
Andrew J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Chinese Politics ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Document Collections ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Documentary History ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Chinese Author

Authentic Chinese internal documents matter greatly as historical records that illuminate our understanding of Chinese politics. Yet careful scrutiny shows that the Chinese book version of the Tiananmen Papers is part fiction and part documentary history based on open and semi-open sources and document collections. The alleged transcripts of top-level meetings are basically stitched together ex post facto (even by the admission of the editors) and then presented as secret documents. Furthermore, the English translation is a heavily retouched version of the Chinese with differences in claims of authenticity, translation, citation and style. There is little evidence that any real secret documents are in the hands of the Chinese author, and even if they were, the two books under consideration are really secondary sources steps removed from the originals. The editors strongly vouch for the authenticity of these two books, but their efforts are inadequate and unconvincing.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DEBT MANAGEMENT ON INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Ozue Clement Chuks ◽  
Okenwa C. Y. Ogbodo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Least Square ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Infrastructural Development ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

The study empirically examined the effect of debt management on infrastructural development of the Nigeria economy. Ex- post facto research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected through secondary sources from the archive of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Debt management Office of Nigeria (DMON). The data analysis was done using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique. The population of study consists of the federal government of Nigeria, the thirty- six state governments in Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) bringing the total population to thirty – eight (38). The same number serves as the sample size. The major findings showed that debt servicing and interest rate appeared with negative relationship on infrastructural development. It is recommended that government should apply appropriate policies with respect to debt variables for sustaining development in infrastructure. KEY WORDS: Public debt management, infrastructural development.

scholarly journals Environmental Operations Review and Stakeholders’ Wealth of Extracting Firms: Evidence From Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Akabom Ita Asuquo ◽  
Nicholas Obun Dan ◽  
Innocent Oko Odey ◽  
Mkpa Ubuo Linus ◽  
Ashishie Peter Uklala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Evaluation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Environmental Operations ◽  
Made In

The research surveyed environmental operations review and stakeholders’ wealth of extracting firms taking evidence from Nigeria. The purpose was to consider the effect and necessities of environmental evaluation toward enhancement and maximization of the wealth of the stakeholders of extracting firms obtaining facts from Nigeria. The survey methodology and ex-post-facto design were adopted and material pieces of evidence needed for the validation of the propositions made in the exploration were gathered from both primary and secondary sources, and appropriate statistical techniques were applied in examining the raw material pieces of evidence. The domino effect and findings exposed that environmental operations review is greatly connected to the stakeholders’ wealth in the extracting firms. Consequently, the elements of environmental operations review ought to be reflected in making a decision concerning stakeholders’ wealth of extracting firms because it is appropriate that establishments put up with their stakeholders’ wealth in the midst of environmental defies. Finally, as originality/value, it was advocated and backed that extracting firms ought to display facts on environmental costs in their financial statements. This is obligatory in ensuring that environmental overhead besides environmental conservation is guaranteed towards ecological and green nourishment and sustenance. 

scholarly journals Sustainability Accounting and Competitive Advantage of Quoted Companies in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Ishola Rufus Akintoye ◽  
Oluwasikemi Janet Taiwo ◽  
Babatunde Ayodeji Owolabi
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Hausman Test ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Sustainability Reports ◽  
Sustainability Accounting

This study examined the effect of sustainability accounting on competitive advantage of quoted companies in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto research design with 167 listed firms as the population. 28 quoted firms were chosen with the use of purposive sampling. Data from 2009 to 2018 were obtained from secondary sources. Content analysis was employed as a tool to analyze the disclosures in sustainability reports. Models were estimated using the Hausman test. The findings of the study shows that sustainability accounting measures have a significant joint effect on change in turnover and market share with Prob. (F-stat) of 0.03533<0.05 and 0.0000<0.05 respectively. Therefore, concludes that sustainability accounting has a significant effect on competitive advantage since practicing and accounting for sustainability will create reputational benefit for the companies.

Applying the principles of social action in contemporary Christian mission in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Benjamin Diara ◽  
Favour Uroko
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Mission Work ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Contemporary Christian ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Right

This article examined the need to apply the principles of social action in contemporary mission work in Africa. Early missionary enterprises in Africa employed some forms of social action but it is a historical fact that the missionary agents may have failed to adhere to the principles of social action. Thus, they ministered to Africans as masters and not servants, and as leaders and not facilitators which is contrary to the principles of social action. This may be considered as the reason African converts could not learn to do it themselves. The missionaries did not believe that the African people, especially the converts, had any skill, experience, or understanding that they could draw to tackle the problems they faced as a people. They also did not recognize the fact that all people have the right to be heard, to define the issues facing them, and to take action on their behalf. These are pieces of evidence of failure to apply the principles of social action on the part of the earlier missionaries who worked in Africa. This article recommends that for more effective missionary enterprise, contemporary Christian missionaries in Africa should study the interface between mission work and social action and pay strict adherence to the principles of social action in their work. The phenomenological method with ex post facto research design was employed for the research. Data were collected through both primary and secondary sources and qualitative descriptive analysis of the data was accordingly carried out. It was discovered that the need to apply social action principles in contemporary mission work in Africa is superlative.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED INDUSTRIAL GOODS SECTOR IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

The aim of this paper is to examine how sustainability reporting affects the performance of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. For a period of ten years, from 2011 to 2020. This study used time-series and cross-sectional analysis of selected listed industrial goods companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Ex-Post Facto research was used in this study. Data were gathered from secondary sources such as fact books and financial statements of the companies in Nigeria. Using E-View 9.0 statistical software, the data were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The findings of this study demonstrated that, at a 5% level of significance, sustainability reporting (as measured by economic, environmental, and social performance indices) has a positive significant effect on return on assets, return on equity and earnings per share. The study proposes, among other things, that a standardized Sustainability Index be adopted, since this will assist to put pressure on firms to pay greater attention to their environment and take sustainable development issues more seriously.

scholarly journals Sustainability Reporting: Imperative for Turnover Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
Adegbie Folajimi Festus ◽  
Akintoye Ishola Rufus ◽  
Taiwo Oluwasikemi Janet
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Compliance Level ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Growth in revenue of firms is an indicator to stakeholders that the firm is improving. Thus, creating the need for firms to ensure a continuous increase in their turnover. This study examined the effect of sustainability reporting on turnover growth of quoted companies in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design with 167 listed firms as the population. 28 quoted firms were chosen with the use of purposive sampling. Data from 2009 to 2018 were obtained from secondary sources. Content analysis was employed as a tool to analyse the disclosures in sustainability reports. The model was estimated using Pooled OLS (multivariate regression). Company age and financial leverage were used as control variables. The study found that the compliance level of the sampled firms with sustainability reporting requirements for the four dimensions are below average, however, sustainability reporting has a significant effect on turnover growth with Prob. (F-stat) of 0.0463<0.05. Therefore, the study recommends that management of firms should intensity efforts to ensure maximum compliance with GRI sustainability guidelines.

Pengaruh Motivasi, Sikap, Minat, dan Gaya Belajar Statistik Mahasiswa Terhadap Kemampuan Menganalisis Persoalan Penelitian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azis
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bahwa motivasi, sikap, minat, dan gaya belajar statistik matematika mahasiswa secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian; dan motivasi, sikap, minat, dan gaya belajar statistik matematika mahasiswa masing-masing berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode ex post facto dengan desain korelasional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin Baubau pada Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika yang pelaksanaannya pada semester Gasal Tahun Akademik 2016/2017. Populasinya adalah seluruh mahasiswa yang memprogram mata kuliah Statistik Matematika II Tahun Akademik 2016/2017 yang berjumlah 145 orang. Dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling, diambil minimal 30% dari keseluruhan sampel, dan diambil 51 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data setiap variabel adalah angket dan tes yang disusun sendiri oleh peneliti. Teknik analisis yang digunakan untuk mengelolah data yang diperoleh dari responden adalah teknik statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah diuraikan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: 1) motivasi, sikap, minat, dan gaya belajar statistik matematika mahasiswa secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian; 2) motivasi belajar statistik mahasiswa berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian; 3) sikap belajar statistik mahasiswa berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian; 4) minat belajar statistik mahasiswa berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian; dan 5) gaya belajar statistik mahasiswa berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menganalisis persoalan penelitian pada mahasiswa pendidikan matematika FKIP Unidayan.

Analysis of the Effect of Cash Turnover on Liquidity at PT. Pekebun Nusantara VIII, Sukabumi Regency, West Java

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
endang naryono
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
West Java ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Research aims to understand gyrations cash pt .Had provided nusantara viii , liquidity to pt .Had provided nusantara viii , and to know the influence of gyrations cash on the level of liquidity to PT .Perkebunan nusantara VIII sukabumi .The methodology used is the method ex-post facto capital .This research using primary and secondary data obtained from financial reports and non financial from pt .Pekebunan nusantara viii sukabumi .To test hypotheses used linear regression and the correlation with on the spss 15.0 for windows. Based on the results of research shows that there is a positive influence between second match of cash and liquidity pt .Had provided nusantara viii sukabumi .A level of closeness ( correlation ) the second variables strong enough , are r = 0,800 with a value of a correlation coefficient r &amp; gt; 0 it means if cash second match of getting up and liquidity will increase , and vice versa . While from the results of the equation above the results linear regression simple as follows: y = 185,137 + 0,045x means value ( a ) or constant of 185,137 who have the meaning that if cash two zero ( 0 ) or not increased so level of 185,137 liquidity .The score regression ( b ) of 0,045 the show the relation in line that every 1 increase point in cash and two rate rose to 185,137 liquidity

ANALISIS KORELASI PENERASI PENGGUNAAN INTERNET DI BEBERAPA NEGARA DENGAN KUALITAS SDM DAN PENDAPATAN PERKAPITA NEGARA

JURNAL PETIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Bpk Irwanto
Keyword(s):  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubunganantara besar penetrasi penggunaan internet di beberapa negaradengan kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM) dan pendapatanperkapita negara. Hal ini untuk memberikan informasi bahwakemajuan suatu negara tidak lepas dari peran teknologi informasisalah satunya internet dalam memberikan kontribusi padaterciptanya SDM yang berkualitas sehingga kemudian akanmampu meningkatkan pendapatan perkapita negara. Penelitianini merupakan jenis penelitian ex-post facto dengan menggunakanmetode survey melalui pendekatan desain penelitian korelasionalkuantitatif. Subyek penelitian ini adalah 20 negara yang terdiridari 11 negara anggota ASEAN, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, China,Korea Selatan, India, Inggris, Francis, Mesir, dan Afrika Selatan.Dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05, hasil penelitian menunjukkanadanya hubungan yang signifikan antara penetrasi penggunaaninternet dengan kualitas SDM negara dengan angka korelasi 0,924dan dengan kontribusi signifikansi (R Square) sebesar 84,7%.Persamaan regresi yang terbentuk Y= 0,58 + 0,004X. Hasilpenelitian juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikanantara penetrasi penggunaan internet negara dengan pendapatanperkapita negara dengan nilai koefisien korelasi Pearsonmenunjukkan angka 0,92 dan dengan kontribusi signifikansi (RSquare) sebesar 83,8%. Hasil penelitian juga mengatakan bahwapersamaan garis regresi yang terbentuk adalah Y= 151,688-1,616X

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