Silvopastoral sheep and pine systems for small farmers in southern chile

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Herve M.P. ◽  
Balocchi O.A. ◽  
Penaloza R.
Keyword(s):  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Erosion Damage ◽  
Marginal Soils ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Peasant Farmers ◽  
Clay Slopes ◽  
Potential Use

Chile's X region (40-43 degrees south), has around 1 million has. of marginal soils with forest-livestock potential use, red clay slopes being dominant, located in the coastal ranges. Subsistance agriculture with increasing erosion damage is carried out on small properties which also practice extensive livestock production with sheep and cattle.In order to study alternative land use which could benefit small peasant farmers agroforestry with sheep and pines was attempted.Two agroforestry systems using Pinus radiata D.Don and sheep were developed. System I started in 1977 planting 8 ha at 2,5 x 7m spacing. Romney ewes were introduced in 1979 initially at a stocking rate of 5/ha. Prunnings were carried out in 1980, 1984 and 1986; thinnings were done in 1982,1984 and 1986, to 7m and 200 st/ha respectively.System 2 used 20ha of conventional 2 x 2m forest planted in 1974. It was prunned and thinned in 1982,1984 and 1986 to Bm and 200 st /ha respectively and stocked initially with 4.7 Romney ewes/ha in 1983.

Stability of Red-Clay Slopes Subjected to Different Durations of Rainfall

2017 ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaixi Xue ◽  
Binod Tiwari ◽  
Beena Ajmera ◽  
Yanxiang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Red Clay ◽  
Clay Slopes

scholarly journals Field Test Research on Red Clay Slope under Atmospheric Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kaisheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Internal Friction Angle ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Failure Characteristics ◽  
Clay Slopes

By embedding water content sensors and pore water pressure sensors inside the red clay slope on-site in Guiyang, Guizhou, shear tests were performed on soil samples at different depths of the slope under different weather. The changes of water content, pore water pressure, and shear strength index of the slope inside the slope under the influence of the atmosphere were tracked and tested, and the failure characteristics and evolution of the red clay slope were analyzed. It is believed that the depth of influence of the atmosphere on red clay slopes is about 0.7 m, rainfall is the most direct climatic factor leading to the instability of red clay slopes, and the evaporation effect is an important prerequisite for the catastrophe of red clay slopes. The cohesion and internal friction angle of the slope soil have a good binary quadratic function relationship with the water content and density. The water content and density can be used to calculate the cohesion and internal friction angle. Failure characteristics of red clay slopes: the overall instability failure is less, mainly surface failure represented by gullies and weathering and spalling, and then gradually evolved into shallow instability failure represented by collapse and slump. The damage evolution law is as follows: splash corrosion and surface corrosion stage⟶ fracture development stage⟶ gully formation stage⟶ gully development through stage⟶ local collapse stage⟶ slope foot collapse stage.

scholarly journals Effect of long duration rainstorm on stability of Red-clay slopes

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaixi Xue ◽  
Beena Ajmera ◽  
Binod Tiwari ◽  
Yanxiang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Red Clay ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Clay Slopes

scholarly journals Current and Potential Use of Timber and Non-timber Resources of the Cacao Agroforestry Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pérez-Flores Julian ◽  
Facundo Sánchez Gutiérrez ◽  
Bautista-Mora Evarista ◽  
José Jesús Obrador-Olán ◽  
Ruiz-Rosado Octavio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Potential Use

scholarly journals Regional Stability Analysis of Red Clay Slope Based on Different Failure Modes: A Case Study in Taizaifu Area, Fukuoka

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Fang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Safety Factor ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Slip Surface ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Slope Unit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clay Slopes

Red clay slopes have different failure modes in different geological and climatic contexts. Underlying weak layers are frequently witnessed in integral failures because of the reverse consolidation characteristics. On the contrary, heavy rainfall often causes superficial sliding for a considerable infiltration through developed microfractures. Based on the Geographic Information System, regional stability of red clay slopes was evaluated with two failure modes, such as “integral sliding” and “planar sliding.” First, terrain and borehole data of the study area were used to construct the digital elevation model. Second, slope units were partitioned as research objects. For integral sliding, the slip surface was supposed to lie above the strata interface, and it was regarded as a lower part of an ellipsoid. After calculating safety factors of potential slip surfaces that were randomly generated by the Monte Carlo method, the minimum safety factor of the slope unit and the critical slip surface could be determined. For shallow landslides triggered by rainfall infiltration, the one-dimensional infiltration model and infinite slope model were used. Moreover, the difference between the sliding direction of each column and the main aspect of entire slope unit was considered in safety factor calculation. Finally, regional slope stability characterized by the safety factor would be available; thus, it would be beneficial to sliding prevention and disaster treatment in this region.

An evaluation of grazing oats for grain and wool production in north-eastern Victoria

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (91) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Cannon ◽  
MJ Sharkey ◽  
PT Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
North East ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Stocking Rates

Oat yields and wool production of Merino wethers were measured at five stocking rates in five systems of land use in each of two years, 1971 and 1972, in north-east Victoria. Nominal stocking rates were 6.8, 8.6, 10.5, 12.4 and 14.2 sheep ha-1. The production at each stocking rate was compared in the following systems: 1, all pasture; 2, and 3. pasture grazed year long with oats grazed in winter and oat stubbles in summer on 15 per cent (system 2) or 30 per cent of the plot area (system 3) ; 4. and 5. pasture grazed throughout with oat stubbles grazed in summer but crops not grazed during the growing season and crops comprised either 15 per cent (system 4) or 30 per cent of the plot area (system 5). In 1971 the rainfall of 540 mm was sufficient to produce a harvestable oat crop and to maintain sheep on all plots without supplements. The mean oat yield of 2.04 � 0.01 t ha-1 for system 3 far exceeded that of the more heavily grazed crops in system 2 (1.44-0.05) or of ungrazed crops in systems 4 and 5 (1.44i-0.07). Clean wool production per head from each system was compared in terms of an 'average' stocking rate S which accounted for variation in grazing intensity throughout the year inherent in systems 2, 3, 4, 5. In 1971 clean wool production kg-1 declined with increase in average stocking rate in all systems but the mean of the four dual land use systems did not differ from the all pasture system (1). 1972 was a drought year with only 330 mm of rain, oat crops failed to produce grain and were grazed from October. The wool production of sheep on systems 2 to 5 was greater than that of sheep at equivalent average stocking rates on the all pasture system. Growing oats for grazing and grain in association with wool production would appear to be more profitable than wool production alone. Light grazing of oats in winter may increase oat yield but more information is needed in relation to seasonal variation and oat variety.

scholarly journals Erosion Control and Growth Promotion of W-OH Material on Red Clay Highway Slopes: A Case Study in South China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1144
Author(s):  
Xiao-chun Qin ◽  
An-chen Ni ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Zheng-hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
South China ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Clay Slopes

Ecological restoration is difficult on the red clay highway slopes in the rainy areas in South China that experience severe soil erosion. By using the hydrophilic polyurethane material W-OH to solidify and protect red clay slopes, the erosion control will be substantially improved. We employed simulated rainfall erosion experiments and pot experiments to evaluate the anti-corrosion and growth promotion performances. We found that, (1) in the initial stage of protection, W-OH had the effect of accelerating slope drainage, solidifying the soil structure, and reducing soil loss, with the sediment reduction benefit reaching 37.4–65.3%. (2) The anti-erosion effect was mainly based on soil solidification. (3) The W-OH was affected by rainfall intensity and the W-OH concentration, and the soil erosion prediction equation was constructed according to the observation. (4) W-OH had a promising water retention performance and can promote the germination and late growth of slope plants to reduce the influence of eluviation. (5) The suitable W-OH solution concentration was 3–5% for slope protection herbs and shrubs, which were commonly used in South China. (6) The reduction in porosity was the fundamental cause of water retention improvement. The ecological restoration of slopes is a comprehensive process. Therefore, both anti-erosion performance and later plant growth are necessary. Our research provides a theoretical and experimental basis for applying the W-OH in the ecological restoration of the red clay slopes in subtropical areas and expanding the scope of the W-OH.

Animal production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in South-West Victoria, Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird ◽  
PR Bird ◽  
JD Kellas ◽  
JD Kellas ◽  
GA Kearney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Animal Damage ◽  
South West

Liveweight and greasy wool production data from young wethers were collected for the period autumn to early summer for the years 1986 to 1994 from an on-going Pinus radiata-pasture project at Carngham, Victoria. A plantation established in 1981 on a grazing property was thinned in 1983 to give trees spaced at: (i) no trees (a grazing control), (ii) 8 mx 12 m, (iii) 4 mx9 m, (iv) 4 mx3 m in a 5-row belt then a 10-row pasture gap, and (v) 2 mx3 m (original spacing). By 1989 the density of trees in these systems was slightly reduced by windthrow, animal damage and thinning to (ii) 60 trees/ha, (iii) 200 trees/ha wide-spaced, (iv) 200 trees/ha 5-row belt and (v) 1360 trees/ha. All trees in systems (ii), (iii) and (iv) had been pruned to 6 m by late 1992. The sheep stocking policy was initially based on a set 10 sheep ha-1. Since 1991 the stocking rate has been varied yearly in an attempt to maintain similar production per sheep. The pastures were re-sown in 1989 with perennial rye-grass and subterranean clover cultivars. Since 1991, wool production per ha from the 200 trees/ha wide-spaced system has been consistently less than in systems (i), (ii) and (iv). Wool production among systems differed significantly since 1992. Expressed as a percentage of wool production achieved on open pasture, the relative values for the agroforestry systems from 1990 to 1994 as follows.

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