scholarly journals Freezing-Point Depression in Electrolytic Solutions

1904 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Walker ◽  
A. J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Error ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Ordinary Method

The following research was undertaken for the purpose of determining the freezing points of solutions under conditions which would involve a different systematic error from that encountered when the ordinary method of procedure is followed; and, secondly, for the purpose of obtaining ionisation values for electrolytic solutions by the cryoscopic method which should be made by compensation as far as possible independent of any systematic error in determining the freezing points.

scholarly journals FREEZING POINTS OF ANTI-COAGULANT SALT SOLUTIONS

1935 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Hitchcock ◽  
Ruth B. Dougan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions

By a method involving equilibration of ice and solution, and analysis of the solution, freezing point depressions of solutions of sodium citrate, oxalate, and fluoride have been determined over the range Δ = 0.45 to 0.65°C. Determinations with sodium chloride solutions have confirmed the accuracy of the method. In each case the freezing point depression is given, within 0.002°C., as a linear function of the concentration. By the use of these linear equations it is possible to prepare a solution of any of these four salts isotonic with a given biological fluid of known freezing point, provided the latter falls within the range studied.

Thermomechanical Formulation of Freezing Point Depression Behavior of Liquid on Solid Surface With Nanostructure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hanawa ◽  
Y. Sasaki ◽  
S. Uchida ◽  
T. Funayoshi ◽  
M. Otsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Liquid Molecule ◽  
Nanoscale Structures ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Dsc Measurements ◽  
Thermomechanical Method ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Solid Liquid Interface

Abstract In this study, we investigated the freezing point depression of liquids in nanostructures using a new thermomechanical method. First, we experimentally determined the freezing points of water, cyclohexane, and a certain organic material (Chem.A) in nanoscale structures using DSC measurements. Thereafter, we formulated a new equation by improving the Gibbs–Thomson equation, which is the conventional formula for representing the freezing point depression of a liquid in nanostructures. We introduced a new term in this new equation to represent the increase in the kinetic energy of the liquid molecule as a result of collision between the liquid molecules and nanostructure walls. Subsequently, we evaluated the solid–liquid interface free energy of sublimation materials by fitting the theoretical freezing point derived from the new equation to experimental data. In this study, we succeeded in reproducing the experimental data of freezing point depression using the proposed equation. In particular, the freezing points of cyclohexane and Chem.A in the nanostructure were better fitted by this new equation at 10 nm or more compared with the conventional equation. Our results show that the interaction between the wall of the nanostructure and liquid molecules affects freezing point depression.

Potential Implication of the Freezing Point Depression by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lactose in Milk1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. JEON ◽  
R. BASSETTE
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Sensory Evaluations ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The. potential problem of detecting added water in lactose-hydrolyzed milk by cryoscopic examination was investigated. The extent to which hydrolysis of lactose corresponded with a given freezing point was calculated and tested experimentally. Cryoscopic measurements were related to the percent of lactose hydrolyzed in milk. Hydrolyzed milks readjusted to normal freezing points with added water were examined by lactometer and sensory evaluations. Although such milk adulterated with up to 25% added water could escape detection by either cryoscopic or sensory evaluations, the Quevenne lactometer could detect 10% added water.

Freezing Resistance in Some Northern Populations of Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2104-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Serum Osmolality ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Active Substances

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, were collected at three locations in Alaska and Japan in winter and spring to determine their degree of freezing resistance. Herring collected from waters whose temperatures ranged between 4.7 and −1.4 °C showed serum freezing points between −1.22 and −1.40°C. All freezing points were below those expected from measurements of serum osmolality, indicating that a noncolligative antifreeze was present that added between 0.28 and 0.61° to the freezing point depression. In addition, osmotically active substances other than sodium chloride contributed to the freezing point depression. in some of the samples.

Depression of freezing temperature of water and water solutions in porous materials

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 2644-2647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Schneider ◽  
Jiří Rathouský
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Water Solutions

In porous materials filled with water or water solutions of inorganic salts, water freezes at lower temperatures than under normal conditions; the reason is the decrease of water vapor tension above the convex meniscus of liquid in pores. The freezing point depression is not very significant in pores with radii from 0.05 μm to 10 μm (about 0.01-2.5 K). Only in smaller pores, especially when filled with inorganic salt solutions, this depression is important.

scholarly journals Freezing point depression and freeze-thaw damage by nanofluidic salt trapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingtao Zhou ◽  
Mohammad Mirzadeh ◽  
Roland J.-M. Pellenq ◽  
Martin Z. Bazant
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Freeze Thaw

Colloid osmotic pressure changes of dog's blood exposed to different mixtures of CO2 and air

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kakiuchi ◽  
A. B. DuBois ◽  
D. Gorenberg
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Different Levels

Hansen's membrane manometer method for measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure was used to obtain the osmolality changes of dogs breathing different levels of CO2. Osmotic pressure was converted to osmolality by calibration of the manometer with saline and plasma, using freezing point depression osmometry. The addition of 10 vol% of CO2 to tonometered blood caused about a 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O increase of osmolality, or 1.2% increase of red blood cell volume. The swelling of the red blood cells was probably due to osmosis caused by Cl- exchanged for the HCO3- which was produced rapidly by carbonic anhydrase present in the red blood cells. The change in colloid osmotic pressure accompanying a change in co2 tension was measured on blood obtained from dogs breathing different CO2 mixtures. It was approximately 0.14 mosmol/kg H2O per Torr Pco2. The corresponding change in red cell volume could not be calculated from this because water can exchange between the plasma and tissues.

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