4. Results of Makerstoun Observations, No. III. On the Solar and Lunar periods of the Magnetic Declination.

1851 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 144-145
Author(s):  
J. A. Broun
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Annual Period ◽  
North End

The absolute westerly declination at Makerstoun, for the mean epoch, June 1844 = 25° 17′·12.The annual motion of the north end of the needle towards the east = 5′·67.The annual periodof magnetic declination consists of a double oscillation, having nearly the following epochs of maxima and minima.

I. On the solar-diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Pekin

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 360-374
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Magnetic Observatory ◽  
Magnetic Element ◽  
Monthly Means ◽  
The North ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
North End

When the first year of hourly observations of the declination, January 1 to December 31st, 1841, was received at Woolwich from the Magnetic Observatory at Hobarton, and when means had been taken of the readings of the collimator-scale at the several hours in each month, and these monthly means had been collected into an­nual means, it was found that the mean daily motion of the declina­tion magnet at Hobarton presented, as one of its most conspicuous and well-marked features, a double progression in the twenty-four hours, moving twice from west to east, and twice from east to west; the phases of this diurnal variation were, that the north end of the magnet moved progressively from west to east in the hours of the forenoon, and from east to west in the hours of the afternoon ; and again from west to east during the early hours of the night, return­ing from east to west during the later hours of the night: the two easterly extremes were attained at nearly homonymous hours of the day and night, as were also the two westerly extremes; the ampli­tudes of the arcs traversed during the hours of the day were con­siderably greater than those traversed during the hours of the night. When, in like manner, the first year of hourly observations, July 1st, 1842, to June 30th, 1843, was received from the Toronto Ob­servatory, and the mean diurnal march of the declination magnet was examined, it was found to exhibit phenomena in striking corre­spondence with those at Hobarton. At Toronto also a double pro­gression presented itself, of which the easterly extremes were attained at nearly homonymous hours, as were also the westerly; whilst the hours of extreme elongation were nearly the same (solar) hours at the two stations, but with this distinction, that the hours at which the north end of the magnet reached its extreme easterly elongation at Hobarton were the same, or nearly the same, as those at which it reached its extreme westerly elongation at Toronto, and vice verâ Pursuing, therefore, the ordinary mode of designating the direction of the declination by the north end of the magnet in the southern as well as in the northern hemisphere, the diurnal motion of the magnet may be said to be in opposite directions at Hobarton and Toronto; but if (in correspondence with our mode of speaking in regard to another magnetic element, the Inclination) the south end of the magnet is employed to designate the direction of the motion in the southern hemisphere, and the north end in the northern hemisphere, the apparent contrariety disappears, and the directions, as well as the times of the turning hours, are approximately the same at both stations.

II. On the lunar-diurnal variation of the magnetic declination with special regard to the Moon’s declination

1867 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 414-416
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Magnetic Element ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
The North ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
At Command ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances ◽  
North End

The hourly records of the magnetic declination systematically kept at the Flagstaff Observatory at Melbourne, Victoria, during the period from the 1st of May 1858 to the 28th of February 1863, have been discussed by the author, with a view to determine the lunar-diurnal variation to which that magnetic element is subject. The results arrived at in the course of, this discussion elicit, he believes, facts hitherto unnoticed, to which it seems desirable that the attention of scientific men should be directed. The process employed in reducing the observations was identical with at generally adopted in such cases. The disturbed observations were first eliminated, by rejecting all that differed from the final normal belonging to the same solar hour by more than a certain separating value, which ts taken at 3·61 minutes of arc. The elimination of the larger disturbances having been thus effected, from every remaining reading (R ) of the magnet’s direction the final normal (N ) belonging to that solar hour was subtracted, so that the residue R—N is devoid of the influence of the solar-diurnal variation. This residue is positive when the north end of the needle is to the east of its mean position, and negative in the contrary case. The number of observations at command amounted to 38,194, of which 4178 single observations were excluded from the discussion as being beyond the assumed limit used for separating the greater magnetic disturbances, leaving 34,016 available for the purpose of determining the lunar-diurnal variation.

scholarly journals XV. On the lunar-diurnal variation of the magnetic declination, with special regard to the moon's declination

1867 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 503-511
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Magnetic Element ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
At Command ◽  
Normal Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
North End

The hourly records of the magnetic declination, systematically kept at the Flagstaff Observatory at Melbourne, Victoria, during the period from the 1st of May 1858 to the 28th of February 1863, have been discussed with a view to determine the lunardiurnal variation to which this magnetic element is subjected. The results arrived at in the course of this discussion, eliciting, as I believe, facts hitherto unnoticed, induced me to think it important to have them brought before the Royal Society, with no other object in view but to direct the attention of scientific men to a subject of such vast import for the development of the science of terrestrial magnetism. The process adopted in reducing the observations, in order to eliminate the solardiurnal variation of the magnetic declination, is identical with the one generally adopted in such cases. The limit of disturbance was taken to be 3·61 minutes of arc, and all hourly directions which differed from their final normals by this value, or more, were consequently omitted from the record. This elimination of the larger disturbances having been effected, from every remaining reading (R) of the magnet’s direction the respective final normal (N) was subtracted, thus causing the residuals (R—N) to be devoid of the influence of the solar-diurnal variation. When the remainders are negative, i. e. when the normal exceeds the reading, the north end of the needle is to the west of its mean direction, and when positive the needle deviates with its north end towards the east of its normal mean. The magnetic declination being east at Melbourne, we perceive that the negative values denote a decrease, and the positive ones an increase, with respect to the normal value of this, magnetic element. The total number of obser­vations at command amounts to 38, 194, of which 4, 178 single readings were excluded from the discussion, on account of their being beyond the above-mentioned limit, and there remained only 34, 016 readings for the purpose of determining the lunar-diurnal variation. Of this number 15, 735 were observed in the months from April to September, and 18, 281 during the time from October to March.

XXVIII. On the annual variation of the magnetic declination, at different periods of the day

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
The North ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
Annual Range ◽  
The Mean

The interest which papers recently communicated to the Royal Society have excited in regard to the physical explanation of the Annual and Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism, makes it extremely desirable that the facts which are to be explained should in the first instance be clearly and fully comprehended; and that for this purpose, the different classes of facts, which undergo much additional complication by being viewed together, should be distinguished apart, and that each class should be presented separately, combining at the same time, as far as circumstances may permit, facts of the same class obtained from different parts of the globe. Under this impression I have deemed that an acceptable service might be rendered, by arranging in a small compass and presenting together the Annual Variations which the Magnetic Declination undergoes at every hour of the day at the four Colonial Observatories established by the British Government at Toronto, Hobarton, the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena;—stations selected, it may be remembered, with the express view (amongst others) of affording, as far as any four stations of equally convenient access might be expected to do, the means of generalizing the facts of the Annual and Diurnal Variations in different quarters of the globe. I have attempted to accomplish this object by a graphical representation (Plate XXVI.), in which the Annual Variation at every hour is shown by vertical lines varying in length according to the amount of the range of the Annual Variation at each hour; each line having also small cross lines marking the mean positions of the several months in the annual range. The scale is the same for all the stations, being one inch to one minute of declination. The declination is that of the north end of the magnet at all the stations; the upper end of the line is always the eastern extremity, and the lower end the western extremity, of the annual range. The broken horizontal line which crosses all the verticals at each station, marks for each of the observation hours the mean declination in the year at that particular hour, obtained by adding together the daily observations of the declination at that hour, and dividing the sum by the number of days of observation in the year. This line is consequently not a line of uniform declination-value throughout, because the mean declination varies at different hours, by quantities which constitute the mean Diurnal Variation: but it is the line, or curve as it is sometimes called, of mean Diurnal Variation projected as a straight line, for the parpose of viewing the phenomena of the Annual Variation at each hour, irrespective of the Diurnal Variation, or the changes which the mean declination undergoes at different hours. The hours are those of mean solar time at each station, the day commencing at noon, and being reckoned through the twenty-four hours; noon is therefore = 0 h . The fractional minutes are occasioned by the observations having been made at the exact hours of Göttingen time, which differ more or less at each station from exact hours of local time.

Rola Avarského Kaganátu Pri Vzniku Slovenčiny

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-236
Author(s):  
Martin Braxatoris ◽  
Michal Ondrejčík
Keyword(s):  
Slavic Language ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
North Edge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Slovak Language

Abstract The paper proposes a basis of theory with the aim of clarifying the casual nature of the relationship between the West Slavic and non-West Slavic Proto-Slavic base of the Slovak language. The paper links the absolute chronology of the Proto-Slavic language changes to historical and archaeological information about Slavs and Avars. The theory connects the ancient West Slavic core of the Proto-Slavic base of the Slovak language with Sclaveni, and non-West Slavic core with Antes, which are connected to the later population in the middle Danube region. It presumes emergence and further expansion of the Slavic koiné, originally based on the non-West Slavic dialects, with subsequent influence on language of the western Slavic tribes settled in the north edge of the Avar Khaganate. The paper also contains a periodization of particular language changes related to the situation in the Khaganate of that time.

scholarly journals The Flow through the Gulf of Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1381-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Candela ◽  
J. Ochoa ◽  
J. Sheinbaum ◽  
M. López ◽  
P. Pérez-Brunius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Straits Of Florida ◽  
The North ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Sverdrup Transport ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yucatan Channel ◽  
Range Variation

AbstractFour years (September 2012 to August 2016) of simultaneous current observations across the Yucatan Channel (~21.5°N) and the Straits of Florida (~81°W) have permitted us to investigate the characteristics of the flow through the Gulf of Mexico. The average transport in both channels is 27.6 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1), in accordance with previous estimates. At the Straits of Florida section, the transport related to the astronomical tide explains 55% of the observed variance with a mixed semidiurnal/diurnal character, while in the Yucatan Channel tides contribute 82% of the total variance and present a dominant diurnal character. At periods longer than a week the transports in the Yucatan and Florida sections have a correlation of 0.83 without any appreciable lag. The yearly running means of the transport time series in both channels are well correlated (0.98) and present a 3-Sv range variation in the 4 years analyzed. This long-term variability is well related to the convergence of the Sverdrup transport in the North Atlantic between 14.25° and 18.75°N. Using 2 years (July 2014–July 2016) of simultaneous currents observations in the Florida section, the Florida Cable section (~26.7°N), and a section across the Old Bahama Channel (~78.4°W), a mean northward transport of 28.4, 31.1, and 1.6 Sv, respectively, is obtained, implying that only 1.1 Sv is contributed by the Northwest Providence Channel to the mean transport observed at the Cable section during this 2-yr period.

Bankarization in the first European cities with an equal number of Muslim and Christian inhabitants

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-580
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Pérez-Castro ◽  
Miguel Ángel Montero-Alonso ◽  
Akram Abderrahman-Azaar
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The North ◽  
Financial Depth ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
European Banks ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Near Future

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the situation of the financial system in the Spanish-governed cities of Melilla and Ceuta, Christian and Muslim cities located on the north coast of Africa, and compared it with the mean bankarization level in the rest of Spain in 2000-2015. Design/methodology/approach Although different calculation methods have been proposed, most authors agree that the bankarization level of a country or a territory reflects the development of the society as a whole and has a positive correlation with economic growth. The indicators of financial depth proposed by these researchers are not only the ratio between variables such as loans, deposits, etc., but also the ratios of these variables to the population and the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country or territory. Findings The results obtained revealed that there are differences between these two North African Spanish cities. Furthermore, the financing gap between the mean bankarization levels of these cities and those of mainland Spain was found to be even larger than most of the other economic indicators (GDP per capita and the unemployment rate). Practical implications The authors are convinced that the manuscript is a contribution of great interest for serving pilot experience in cities wishing to offer a development of traditional banking and Islamic banking. The paper should be of interest to readers in the areas of finance systems and commercial banks where two different cultures coexist. Originality/value This is the first research study on the financial framework of European cities whose populations have an approximately equal percentage of Christians and Muslims. The data reflected the existence of savings and loan methods parallel to conventional banking. The conclusion was that in the near future, it would be advisable for European banks to take into account the cultural customs and religious practices of potential Muslim clients.

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