Conflicts between Random Flights in a Given Area

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ratcliffe ◽  
R. L. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Complex Scheme ◽  
Rudimentary Form ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

This paper, which was presented at a meeting of the Institute in London on 2o May 1981, with Captain R. Maybourn in the Chair, describes some studies of the conflicts arising between a multiplicity of aircraft in straight-line flight through a volume of airspace. Topics include the effect of coercing traffic to fly fixed routes, the direction from which a threat can be expected and the choice of alerting criterion for a groundbased advisory service or an airborne collision-warning system. There are some analogies, perhaps, with marine traffic problems.There exists, worldwide, a complex scheme for the segregation and control of various classes of air traffic. To fit into this scheme aircraft must make detours, horizontally and/or vertically, the cost of which in Europe alone must be at least £50M per annum. The cost of the rare failures in traffic management is higher still. To authors trained in electronic engineering it is therefore rather surprising that the published theory of air traffic management and control is still in a rather rudimentary form.

scholarly journals Empirical Analysis of Safe Distance Calculation by the Stereoscopic Capturing and Processing of Images Through the Tailigator System

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 5044
Author(s):  
Gerd Christian Krizek ◽  
Rene Hausleitner ◽  
Laura Böhme ◽  
Cristina Olaverri-Monreal
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cost System ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Real Value ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Forward Collision Warning

Driver disregard for the minimum safety distance increases the probability of rear-end collisions. In order to contribute to active safety on the road, we propose in this work a low-cost Forward Collision Warning system that captures and processes images. Using cameras located in the rear section of a leading vehicle, this system serves the purpose of discouraging tailgating behavior from the vehicle driving behind. We perform in this paper the pertinent field tests to assess system performance, focusing on the calculated distance from the processing of images and the error margins in a straight line, as well as in a curve. Based on the evaluation results, the current version of the Tailigator can be used at speeds up to 50 km per hour without any restrictions. The measurements showed similar characteristics both on the straight line and in the curve. At close distances, between 3 and 5 m, the values deviated from the real value. At average distances, around 10 to 15 m, the Tailigator achieved the best results. From distances higher than 20 m, the deviations increased steadily with the distance. We contribute to the state of the art with an innovative low-cost system to identify tailgating behavior and raise awareness, which works independently of the rear vehicle’s communication capabilities or equipment.

scholarly journals Community Detection for Air Traffic Networks and Its Application in Strategic Flight Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8924
Author(s):  
Silvia Zaoli ◽  
Giovanni Scaini ◽  
Lorenzo Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Community Detection ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Flight Planning ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Traffic Management System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

An environmentally and economically sustainable air traffic management system must rely on fast models to assess and compare various alternatives and decisions at the different flight planning levels. Due to the numerous interactions between flights, mathematical models to manage the traffic can be computationally time-consuming when considering a large number of flights to be optimised at the same time. Focusing on demand–capacity imbalances, this paper proposes an approach that permits to quickly obtain an approximate but acceptable solution of this problem. The approach consists in partitioning flights into subgroups that influence each other only weakly, solving the problem independently in each subgroup, and then aggregating the solutions. The core of the approach is a method to build a network representing the interactions among flights, and several options for the definition of an interaction are tested. The network is then partitioned with existing community detection algorithms. The results show that applying a strategic flight planning optimisation algorithm on each subgroup independently reduces significantly the computational time with respect to its application on the entire European air traffic network, at the cost of few and small violations of sector capacity constraints, much smaller than those actually observed on the day of operations.

The Optimal Speed of Ships

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-308
Author(s):  
Elisabeth M. Goodwin ◽  
J. F. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Optimal Speed ◽  
Marine Traffic

The following paper was presented at a meeting of the Institute held in London on 21 February 1979 with the President, Captain R. Maybourn, in the Chair. It considers some of the factors which apply in the context of overall safety and the weightings which they should be assigned in estimating the optimal speed for ships in given circumstances and conditions.In air traffic control the speed of individual aircraft cannot be significantly varied without unacceptable economic penalties, or the aircraft falling out of the sky. In the case of ships the speed is a useful variable for traffic management and individual ships can choose, or be assigned, any value between zero and their normal service speed. The following discussion concerns the choice of a suitable speed for marine traffic in terms of safety criteria.

scholarly journals Marine and Air Traffic Control

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Inertial Navigation System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
Forced Landing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Marine and air navigation can still learn from each other. Mariners are following aviation in adopting some routing and control but aviation could follow mariners in their refusal to accept routing and control unless it is cost effective. However it may be easier in the marine case to measure the cost and probability of a collision than it is in the aerial case. But many states have established mandatory airways and routes; originally their navigational aids were very useful and in the event of forced landing the search and rescue people knew where to look. But many airliners now have self-contained navaids like the inertial navigation system (INS) or doppler so that they can navigate off airways, and also forced landings are rare. In the history of air traffic control at first it applied only around airports; when it spread to routes many aircraft were quite happy to fly off airways. But now airways have proliferated and have become customary and respectable to airline pilots so that few complain when some states force aircraft to follow lengthy and costly routes. The only virtue of airways is their freedom, theoretically, from uncontrolled traffic and from military dangers. If A.T.C. were confined to those situations where the risk of collision without A.T.C. would be worse than, say 1 in 10,000,000, flying would be a little more expeditious, but everyone feels secure within the system and insecure, guilty and uncomfortable outside it, so A.T.C. is used universally by airliners.

The Social Cost of Marine Accidents and Marine Traffic Management Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
M. O'Rathaille ◽  
P. Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traffic Management System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marine Accidents

The benefits to society that would result from the introduction of a given marine traffic management system depend directly on the scale of the system introduced. Since the cost society would be required to pay for a marine traffic management system would also vary directly with its scale, by focusing on the cost of marine accidents both from cargo pollution as well as from loss of life, a direct cost-benefit comparison can be made, indicating the benefit to society attained through a reduction in cargo pollution and loss of life per thousand pounds expenditure on control systems.Such an analysis implies confidence in the ability to assess in monetary terms the effect of pollution on such non-economic entities as the natural ecosystem as well as the value of such supra-economic items as a human life. In presenting our estimates we not only point out their shortcomings but also admit that past research has been unable to place an economic value on some of the dimensions of the environment, and that therefore any estimates for the social cost of pollution and loss of life should be considered a conservative estimate of the true social cost.It is only when we have reliable estimates of the social cost of marine accidents that we can proceed to assess the net benefit of a given marine traffic management system. But then further research must be undertaken on the question of just what is the nature of the relationship of controls and social costs.

scholarly journals Trajectory deconfliction with constraint programming

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Barnier ◽  
Cyril Allignol
Keyword(s):  
Constraint Programming ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
Flight Level ◽  
Constraint Programming Model ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAs acknowledged by the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM (Air Traffic Management) Research) program, current Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems must be drastically improved to accommodate the predicted traffic growth in Europe. In this context, the Episode 3 project aims at assessing the performance of new ATM concepts, like 4D-trajectory planning and strategic deconfliction.One of the bottlenecks impeding ATC performances is the hourly capacity constraints defined on each en-route ATC sector to limit the rate of aircraft. Previous works were mainly focused on optimizing the current ground holding slot allocation process devised to satisfy these constraints. We propose to estimate the cost of directly solving all conflicts in the upper airspace with ground holding, provided that aircraft were able to follow their trajectories accurately.We present a Constraint Programming model of this large-scale combinatorial optimization problem and the results obtained with the FaCiLe (Functional Constraint Library). We study the effect of uncertainties on the departure time and estimate the cost of improving the robustness of our solutions with the Complete Air Traffic Simulator (CATS). Encouraging results were obtained without uncertainty but the costs of robust solutions are prohibitive. Our approach may however be improved, for example, with a prior flight level allocation and the dynamic resolution of remaining conflicts with one of CATS’ modules.

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