THE FREQUENCY OF USE OF EEG AND NEUROFEEDBACK IN SPORT, SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Increasing athlete performance is an eternal challenge in the world of sports. The success of the training work performed can be checked by performance diagnostics. Proper brain processing is essential for skill learning and the implementation of effective motor performance. It was important for brain mapping technology to improve the capabilities of imaging devices in order to measure cognitive-motor performance in the field. The primary purpose of this review was to summarize the frequency of applications of EEG and its associated neurofeedback in sport. Examine the differences and characteristics of protocols. Assess whether there is this uniform, standardized protocol for each sport and how often it is used among both elite and amateur athletes. Electroencephalography was initially used most in sports in which the stable setting was followed by only minimal movement. These include sport shooting, archery and golf and baseball. Later, it was possible to analyze more complex movements with EEG, such as cycling. One of the most commonly used techniques is neurofeedback training, but despite some research on the topic, the arena of neurotechnology in sports psychology still exists in its rudimentary form and is constrained by a plethora of technological problems.

Effects of Auditory Stimuli on Beat-Synchronized Long Distance Walking: Part A - Energize on Country Music

In well documented studies, walking and music have independently shown substantial medical, health, productivity, and other human benefits. When music is combined with walking, and especially when the walking is done in synchrony to the beat, the music can stimulate faster walking without apparent awareness, the “velocity effect”. Some studies have reported that music that is either familiar, more enjoyable, and/or has higher “groove” tends to be more stimulating, and that some music can actually be sedating resulting in a slower speed relative to that of walking to a metronome at the same cadence. Research illuminating the velocity effect has mostly been conducted over relatively short stepping distances in a laboratory or similar outdoor setting. The current study examines walking on a real-world long distance outdoor track with a single genre of music that was at least somewhat familiar and somewhat enjoyable to the test subject. In this study, the test subject stepped in self-instructed synchrony with confirmed high accuracy to two types of auditory stimuli – either to the beat of a metronome (a presumed neutral source or what might be considered a most rudimentary form of music), or to the beat of a broad-spectrum of country music continuously over a 2-mile course. Nine metronome tempos and twenty-one country music tempos were examined in a walkable range of 90 to 130 beats per minute (BPM), and the effects of the music and metronome on walking performance were examined and quantified. Overall, the mix of country music was significantly more energizing than the metronome providing a relatively consistent 10% increase in step length and a resulting 10% increase in speed over the entire tempo/cadence range. Speed as a function of tempo was essentially linear in the beat range for both auditory stimuli with an apparent increase in speed relative to the trendlines occurring near 120 BPM, a preferred human response frequency reported in some prior investigations.

Kommunikationsgeschichte der Vorlesung: Linguistische Zugänge zur historischen Wissenschaftskommunikation im akademischen Hörsaal

The analysis of historical lecture practice in the context of a history of academic communication requires a multi-perspective approach. Different manifestations of communication from a historical lecture hall must be brought together and examined on the basis of a broad selection of source materials. The linguistic analysis of texts/languages, images, objects, spaces and bodies promises new insights into a long-lived communicative genre whose significance in the history of language and culture has so far only been explored in rudimentary form.

CLASSICISM AND NEO-CLASSICISMS IN THE HISTORY OF MUSIC

In one of his articles, Octavian Paler draws attention in a metaphorical-mythologizing manner upon one of the risks taken by those who chose tradition as their source of inspiration. The epigonic spirit, because this is what he refers to, cannot escape idolatrising tradition, phenomenon that happens within an alterity of the creative identity, within the pettiness of controlling the artistic means, within the infatuation of his own image which is placed under the protection of the great creative figures. The epigone masters in an embryonic form some techniques which, for various reasons, he cannot manipulate creatively. He is somehow suspended between two sensibilities, hence his failure. On the one hand, he is not aware of the risk of assuming past sensibilities, and on the other, he does not assume his contemporariness. Giving in to the temptation of looking too much into the past, the epigonic artist loses his identifying sensibility. “The mistake of neo-classicism, with its statues painted or sculpted based and antique models, is Orpheus’ mistake. As we no longer have the soul of the ancient Greeks, imitating their art is useless because in art too, looking back kills if there is no conscience of the irreversibility. From this point of view, there is no turning back unless in order to desolate everything” (Paler, 2016, pp. 189-190). This quote refers to neo-classicism perceived in its most rudimentary form, in which it would identify itself with the epigonic phenomenon. Of course, no relation of equality can be claimed between an epigone and a neo-classicist. If we are to give a brief definition in which to establish a relationship between these two terms, the epigone is a neo-classicist that lacks fantasy. Neo-classicism means to creatively take over technical means, past sensibilities in order to anchor them in the tumultuousness of contemporary times. Neo-classicism represents the happiest mixture between past and present, that form of artistic reverberation in which modernity still makes room for the seal of the past. Not servility, not obedience, not anachronism which denote the incapacity to assimilate new composing techniques or the lack of vigour of creative energies, but the power to adapt to new sensibilities through restorative interventions. Starting from here, we will trace a re-echeloning line of various types of neo-classic sensibilities specific to the end of the 19th century and to the entire 20th century

Danish cult houses in north-western Germany? Rethinking the Funnel Beaker buildings of Flögeln and Hainmühlen, District of Cuxhaven

Two features recorded in the 1960s and 1980s in the course of excavations at Flögeln and Hainmühlen, both District of Cuxhaven, in the northern Elbe-Weser triangle, have since been repeatedly discussed in connection with cult houses from Denmark. Parts of these sites, finds and features have only been published in rudimentary form and have so far not been subject of comparative analysis. For some aspects, the information has been passed down orally for decades and has eventually found its way into the literature. In order to improve the record, the two features are presented here, followed by a comparison with similar features from the wider area of the Funnel Beaker Culture.

Ugovorna odgovornost liječnika u rimskom pravu

The paper explores the emergence of contractual liability of physicians in Roman law. Although medicine was in its rudimentary form, the question of the nature of medical liability was problematized as early as the antiquity, when the principle of a physician’s responsibility for negligence, but not necessarily for the ultimate success of a treatment, developed. After initial considerations aimed at identifying who was to be recognised as a physician and what qualifications had to be met in order to be considered a part of the medical profession, through the analysis of legal sources, the central part of the paper aims to determine the legal nature of the contract and, accordingly, the legal protection available to the patient. The final part of the paper examines the preconditions for medical liability, as well as compensation, and concludes with a review of the basic principles that laid the foundation for further development of a physician’s liability for damage caused by a violation of medical science standards.

Device-Free Localization and Identification Using Sub-GHz Passive Radio Mapping

The research domain of device-free localization (DFL) is centered on the study of localization techniques which do not require targets to wear any kind of device. Passive radio mapping or passive fingerprinting is an example of a training-based DFL technique which uses the impact of a human target on radio frequency (RF) communication between stationary nodes to perform localization. We describe a set of experiments performed in a 42 m2 empty office environment in which we installed a RF network with nodes communicating on the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands. We attempted to locate a single stationary human target based solely on signal strength measurements and did so for six different participants using two different fingerprinting methods. One method was based on Euclidean distance minimization while the other made use of a naive Bayesian classifier. We investigated the impact of frequency band, number of nodes and target body type on localization accuracy. Results indicated that a root mean square error of 48 cm could be obtained with only four nodes, provided that the data from both frequency bands was combined. Additionally, we investigated the potential of these fingerprinting approaches to distinguish between targets based on body type and perform a rudimentary form of passive identification. Accuracy rates for identification could vary significantly depending on target location, with results ranging from 0.07 to 0.75 in the exact same environment. However, the experiment participant with the lowest height and weight could be distinguished from the other participants in over 90% of cases.

An occult case of the first branchial cleft anomaly

We report a case of the first branchial cleft anomaly, clinically typical but occult in images and pathology. An 8-year-old female who had an induration below her right mandibular angle was referred to our department with a diagnosis of an infectious epidermal cyst. CT and MRI had shown no evidence of fistula or cyst. At the initial operation, a string structure was observed, but pathologically no epithelial structure was observed. However, the infection at the same site repeated and the symptoms became more severe than before. Considering a high probability of the first branchial anomaly, partial parotidectomy was performed as radical surgery. A cord structure attached to subcutaneous tissue at the intertragal notch was found. Although no epithelial component in the pathology was detected, this string structure was clinically considered as the rudimentary form of the first branchial anomaly.

The germ of capitalism (Roman business through slave as the primordium of private enterprise) Part I. Above free labor

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to expose the pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business. Design/methodology/approach By means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author retraces the background and foundations of business through slave as the initial stage of private enterprise. Findings A comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The riddle of “unnaturally” dear slaves in Rome (as compared with free labor and slaves in other countries of antiquity) is scrutinized. It is shown that “excessively” high demand for them was largely determined by their institutional worth: thanks to dominica potestas, they appeared to be the key organizational resource for expanding private industrial business. The framework of private enterprise securing limited liability for owner and turning “business slave” into a kind of director is brought to light. Research limitations/implications The results of this research allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, while economists and managers get an opportunity to better understand its nature and organizational status of those owning and managing it. Practical implications Leaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how, remaining within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, to make a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that get evident only many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on. Social implications An instructive model of conciliation of interests is scrutinized. “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were, as well as workers, recruited by coercion and legal regimentation of their relations with proprietors. The polarization of their institutional roles was at the bottom of private enterprise from the very outset. The state created incentives for initiative and competent business men in subjection to well-offs to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Thereby, a kind of social compromise embodied in a novel institution was attained to. Originality/value This paper is the first to demonstrate in relief the background and framework of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director.”

Judicial Experiments in Caseflow Management 1920-1970

This article explores the evolution of a subordinate judicial office of the Official Referee which was the revolutionary creation of the Judicature Commission of 1872. What is described here is the innovation and evolution of a rudimentary form of case management more than 70 years before its formal introduction in the English courts under the Civil Procedure Rules. This article considers evidence of that evolution as well as the innovations and experiments of judges ahead of their time: Sir Francis Newbolt and his successor Official Referees. It argues that the consensual and business-like approach adopted by Newbolt and others facilitated earlier settlement by means of judicial encouragement during discussions in chambers at an early interlocutory stage. It considers the extent to which Newbolt’s Scheme focused on what Marc Galanter has described as ‘quality of outcome’ and attempts to place this study in the context of the approach taken by Galanter. Such study would not be complete without reference to the work of the late Simon Roberts, which saw civil courts as being transformed into instruments of structured negotiation.