In-Lens Low-Loss Electron Detector for the Upper Specimen Stage in the Scanning Electron Microscope
For the best resolution in either the scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the transmission electron microscope (TEM) the sample must be mounted in the high-field region of a condenser-objective lens. Detectors for either the secondary electrons (SE) or the backscattered electrons (BSE) in the SEM must allow for the fact that both of these are strongly deflected by the focusing magnetic field of the lens. Typically the SE are collected above the lens, while the BSE are collected using either diode(s) or scintillator(s) between the polepieces.Low-loss electrons (LLE) are scattered from a solid target with an energy loss of less than a few percent of the incident beam energy. These can be collected from a steeply tilted sample from below the exit polepiece of a condenser-objective lens. A suggestion to use the second half of the lens field as an energy filter was shown to by Munro to be unlikely to work because the chromatic dispersion of this part of the lens field is insufficient.The magnetic field of a condenser-objective lens can provide energy filtering as follows.A flat sample is mounted at typically 25° to 30° from the horizontal at or near the center of the lens. Figure 1 shows the trajectories of the electrons scattered with no loss of energy as calculated by Munro. These electrons are confined within a “containment region” with a well-defined boundary beyond which they cannot go. If a suitable detector is placed just inside the surface of this region then it will collect LLE. The slower BSE are confined within a smaller region and so are not collected.