scholarly journals Statistical review of a motor insurance portfolio

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Johnson ◽  
G. B. Hey
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Statistical System ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Continuous Review ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Insurance Portfolio ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
Gains And Losses

Motor insurers in the United Kingdom are not subject to Government control over the rating structures they use or the levels of premiums they charge. The market is highly competitive, and each insurer therefore needs to make the best estimate he can of the premium required for each category of risk, to produce a given level of profit. He also needs to estimate the extent to which departures from such premium levels can be justified, for example in order to have a simple rating structure or to meet competition.The purpose of this note is to give some examples of the statistical tabulations being produced in one insurance office in the United Kingdom. The statistical system which has been developed covers many aspects of motor insurance management, but in this note we shall direct attention to just two, namely(i) continuous review of the variations in the claims experience from one risk category to another, as a guide to the relative premiums required for the different categories; and(ii) continuous review of the changing composition of the portfolio and of the movements in and out, to try to assess the extent to which gains and losses of business can be attributed to pricing differences, marketing strategies, etc.

scholarly journals Economic Assessment of Marketing U.S. Sweetpotatoes in the United Kingdom

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 765B-765
Author(s):  
David Picha* ◽  
Roger Hinson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Total Import ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Near Future

Opportunities for marketing United States (U.S.) sweetpotatoes in the United Kingdom (U.K.) are expanding, particularly within the retail sector. The U.K. import volume has steadily increased in recent years. Trade statistics indicate the U.K. imported nearly 12 thousand metric tons of sweetpotatoes in 2002, with the U.S. providing slightly over half of the total import volume. Considerable competition exists among suppliers and countries of origin in their attempts to penetrate the U.K. market. Currently, over a dozen countries supply sweetpotatoes to the U.K., and additional countries are planning on sending product in the near future. An economic assessment of production and transport costs was made among the principal supplying nations to estimate their comparative market advantages. Price histories for sweetpotatoes in various U.K. market destinations were compiled to determine seasonality patterns. Comparisons of net profit (or loss) between U.S. and U.K. market destinations were made to determine appropriate marketing strategies for U.S. sweetpotato growers/shippers. Results indicated the U.K. to be a profitable and increasingly important potential market for U.S. sweetpotatoes.

scholarly journals The Development of African History as a Discipline in the English-Speaking World: a Study of Academic Infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Craig Watterson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
The United States ◽  
African History ◽  
Government Control ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Academic Recognition ◽  
Developing Area

<p>This thesis examines the infrastructure behind the academic discipline of African History. By looking at government reports, a selection of reflective essays and memoirs written by key historians, and the key precolonial sources that have driven select studies, my thesis explains how African History emerged in British and U.S. universities. Key factors include the English colonisation of Sierra Leone in 1787, the affiliation of Fourah Bay College with the University of Durham in 1876, and the creation of universities in 1948 in Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda and Ghana. In Britain, the importance of African territories resulted in a series of influential reports that shifted missionary controlled education on the African continent to colonial government control. After 1945 a series of pivotal government reports established the impetus and funding for the academic institutionalisation of African History in the United Kingdom. The influence of an English academic recognition of African History provided a transnational current of ideas that flowed between Africa and the United Kingdom, and from there to the United States. With the advent of the Cold War the United States recognised the importance of developing Area Studies programmes, including African Studies, and during the 1960s and 1970s became world leaders in the field. Crucial to this development was the role of pioneering historians who travelled to Africa to teach and research, and who then returned to train a new generation of Africanists. Africanist scholars, recognising the importance of African agency, expanded the shape of the discipline through investigation of oral sources and reexamination of extant pre1800 European written records. 'Charter historians' established university programmes that would produce scholars with the necessary skills required to sustain the new discipline. The infrastructure that undergirded and positioned African History in the mainstream of academia is analysed indepth, and is, as such, the central theme of this thesis.</p>

Introductory Note.

1971 ◽  
Vol 97 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 199-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Johnson ◽  
G. B. Hey
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
75Th Anniversary ◽  
Experience Rating ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
The Relationship

In 1970 the Association Royale des Actuaires Belges celebrated the 75th anniversary of its foundation. To mark the occasion, the Association had in the previous year invited papers to be submitted on two subjects, one of which was ‘Determination of the heterogeneity of the classes of risks’, and the paper which follows this introductory note was one of those submitted on this subject. The paper deals exclusively with motor insurance, in which the study of heterogeneity must be regarded as being of major importance, and discusses both the measurement of heterogeneity and the relationship between heterogeneity and methods of experience rating such as the no claim discount (NCD) systems used in the United Kingdom.

A Review of the Scope for Using Claims Histories of Individual Policies in Risk Assessment.

1971 ◽  
Vol 97 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 202-249
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Experience Rating ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
Single Vehicle

The aim of this paper is to review some of the theoretical and practical questions associated with experience rating in motor insurance, with particular reference to the no claim discount (NCD) systems widely used in the United Kingdom. We shall describe some work carried out in one U.K. insurance office which has in force about 650,000 private motor car policies each covering a single vehicle.

Actuarial Aspects of Motor Insurance

1968 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 185-206
Author(s):  
P. D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Future ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
Selection Of

In the United Kingdom the customary approach to non-life insurance has been to rely more on the practical experience and flair of the underwriter than on a statistical examination of the experience. In some branches of non-life insurance an office is able to make adequate adjustments to its rates on the basis of claim ratios (i.e. the amounts of claims divided by the premiums) for fairly broad groups. In the more competitive branches such as motor insurance the experience needs to be examined in much greater detail, not merely to satisfy the minimum requirement of guarding against selection of the better risks by other insurers, but more positively in order to find out the extent to which the risk varies with each of the existing rating factors and any possible alternatives. Also, because of the rapidity with which conditions are liable to change, the experience studied must be as up to date as possible if reasonably reliable estimates of the future are to be made.

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