II. Herodotus

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 19-60

Reactions to Herodotus’ work have varied greatly both in ancient and modern times, and his reputation has always contained something paradoxical about it. In antiquity, he was on the one hand acknowledged as the ‘father of history’, the first writer to compose a narrative of the past with the sufficient care and adornment required of high literary endeavour and moral purpose, while treating his theme in a manner that came to be recognized as ‘historical’. On the other hand, his history contained much material that was problematic, especially stories of marvels and strange (and unbelievable) customs that seemed to undermine the serious purpose of history. The modern era has had different concerns and interests, yet here too Herodotus’ reputation has fluctuated; he has at times been considered a serious practitioner of an activity that in its essentials constitutes what is today considered a historical method, and at other times an amiable writer of fiction. It has also been difficult for him to escape from the shadow of his successor Thucydides, who seemed so much closer to modern notions of a historian. Possibly the greatest change that the last thirty years have seen is the near abandonment of the portrait of Herodotus as an well-intentioned, if imperfect, investigator, a man whose striving to become a historian overcame his obvious failure to actually be one. Such a portrait was based ultimately on a supercilious indulgence and a conviction that we knew so much better than he how to do what he so clearly tried to do and failed. Now things are not so clear: what history is and what purpose it fulfills seems to be very complex and driven largely by the needs of the individual societies that use it.

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saifuddin . ◽  
Wardani . ◽  
Dzikri Nirwana

The development of tariqat in Indonesia is historically and sociologically related to the climate and culture of the people who in the past was formed by rural culture. However, in recent developments, in South Kalimantan for example, the assumption is very different. Although, this tariqat is usually described as traditional, backward, and associated with the countryside, it is not entirely true. With its tradisional nature, the tariqat become attractions for scholars. Those with rational thingkings entering this world with diverse motivations. There are two complementary sides. On the one hand, rational intellectuals/scholars enter into the tariqat and give a new baseline. On the other hand, the members of the tariqat also renew themselves. Motivations that drive the interest to this tariqat are doctrinal, rational, moral, and psychological. This motivation does not stand alone; it is intertwined and supports each other, in the internalization of the tariqat into the consciousness of the individual.


Author(s):  
Anna Peterson

This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.


1943 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Kenneth Scott Latourette

A strange contrast exists in the status of the Christian Church in the past seventy years. On the one hand the Church has clearly lost some of the ground which once appeared to be safely within its possession. On the other hand it has become more widely spread geographically and, when all mankind is taken into consideration, more influential in shaping human affairs than ever before in its history. In a paper as brief as this must of necessity be, space can be had only for the sketching of the broad outlines of this paradox and for suggesting a reason for it. If details were to be given, a large volume would be required. Perhaps, however, we can hope to do enough to point out one of the most provocative and important set of movements in recent history.


2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Thaddeus Metz

AbstractOn the rise over the past 20 years has been ‘moderate supernaturalism’, the view that while a meaningful life is possible in a world without God or a soul, a much greater meaning would be possible only in a world with them. William Lane Craig can be read as providing an important argument for a version of this view, according to which only with God and a soul could our lives have an eternal, as opposed to temporally limited, significance since we would then be held accountable for our decisions affecting others’ lives. I present two major objections to this position. On the one hand, I contend that if God existed and we had souls that lived forever, then, in fact, all our lives would turn out the same. On the other hand, I maintain that, if this objection is wrong, so that our moral choices would indeed make an ultimate difference and thereby confer an eternal significance on our lives (only) in a supernatural realm, then Craig could not capture the view, aptly held by moderate supernaturalists, that a meaningful life is possible in a purely natural world.


1956 ◽  
Vol 60 (547) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Broadbent

SummaryA review is given of developments in the field of aeroelasticity during the past ten years. The effect of steadily increasing Mach number has been two-fold: on the one hand the aerodynamic derivatives have changed, and in some cases brought new problems, and on the other hand the design for higher Mach numbers has led to thinner aerofoils and more slender fuselages for which the required stiffness is more difficult to provide. Both these aspects are discussed, and various methods of attack on the problems are considered. The relative merits of stiffness, damping and massbalance for the prevention of control surface flutter are discussed. A brief mention is made of the recent problems of damage from jet efflux and of the possible aeroelastic effects of kinetic heating.


Literator ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
B. Hendrickx

The Byzantine akritic poem, "The Death of Digenis", which manifests all the characteristics of the Byzantine Neo-Hellenic tragoudi, is a good exemplum of an epic song, where mystification (in its anthropological sense) is used to idealize the hero. Historically the akritic songs (9th - 13th cent. A.D.) refer to the ongoing war on Byzantium’s frontiers between the Christian defenders of the empire and the Moslem invaders. The poem's structure, its historical-epic elements and especially its symbolism are examined in this article. It thus becomes clear that the unknown poet juxtaposes present, past and future in such a way that Digenis’s heroic (but human) exploits of the past are integrated in a supernatural climax, where the hero in his struggle loses to Charon (Death - Archangel Michael). Consequently Digenis, whose name means ‘bom twice', complies on the one hand with the tragic destiny of an epic death, and on the other hand passes through a kind of initiation ritual into the Christian host of the heroes of Heaven.


Author(s):  
Mickaël Labbé

Résumé: La notion d’« espace indicible » occupe sans conteste une position centrale dans la théorie architecturale de Le Corbusier après 1945. Loin d’être un simple mot-valise ou un signifiant vide de sens, le concept d’espace indicible vise à penser le sommet de l’expérience esthétique et spirituelle dont est passible l’architecture, cela tant pour rendre compte de l’émotion plastique ressentie face aux chefs-d’œuvre du passé que pour décrire la qualité de l’expérience que l’architecte cherche à produire par ses propres œuvres. Ainsi, dans l’œuvre de Le Corbusier, l’expression « l’espace indicible » désigne non seulement un concept, mais également un ensemble textuel dans lequel la notion est thématisée et au travers duquel elle se constitue progressivement. L’objectif de cet article est double : d’une part, proposer une description des déterminations principales du contenu donné par Le Corbusier à la notion d’« espace indicible » ; d’autre part, à partir de l’examen des archives, faire le point sur les textes dans lesquels ce concept se formule. Abstract: The concept of “ineffable space” unquestionably occupies a central place in Le Corbusier's architectural theory after 1945. Far from being a portmanteau or a signifier devoid of meaning, the concept of ineffable space is aimed at conceiving the height of aesthetic and spiritual experience rendered possible by architecture. This is as much to realise plastic emotion felt in front of masterpiece from the past as to describe the experiential quality that the architect seeks to produce in his/her own work. Thus, in Le Corbusier’s oeuvre, the expression “ineffable space” not only denotes a concept but also a textual whole in which the concept is thematised and through which it is progressively constituted. The aim of this article is two-fold. On the one hand, I propose a description of the principle determinants of the content that Le Corbusier assigns to the concept of “ineffable space”, and on the other hand, analysing the archives, I wish to take stock of the texts in which this concept is formulated.  Mots-clés: Le Corbusier; espace indicible; théorie architecturale. Keywords: Le Corbusier; ineffable space; architectural theory. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.470


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-74
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdellah Ahmed Alhossany

This study deals with the Quranic treatment of extremism in terms of extremisms concept and semantics, types, causes, images,  and the Quranic approach in its treatment, and we try to link the Muslim to the Quran approach in the treatment of extremism as a problem which the individual and the old and new society suffer; Because extremism can be transformed from mere idea to apparent behavior while demonstrating that extremism in fact transcends the rules of law and divine orders, it is excessive in the commitment to religion on the one hand or negligence in adhering to it, on the other hand, it is not always concerned with bringing the matter but also enters into relinquishing. In addition to the need to be warned that extremism is a method of religiosity and not religion itself, and Islam with its centrist approach rejects such practices and seeks to address them through the curriculum of the Holy Quran


Author(s):  
Andrea Possamai

The present essay aims, on the one hand, to recall the reasons of anti-naturalism, intended in a metaphysical perspective, of a large part of medieval philosophical and theological reflection and, on the other hand, to show how the same type of problems, specifically those concerning the possible mutability or immutability of the past, can be employed in favour of various conflicting positions on the matter. To demonstrate this, reference was made to some thinkers who could represent emblematic positions on the theme, in particular: Pliny the Elder for the ancient world, Augustine of Hippo, Peter Damian, Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas for the medieval era.


Author(s):  
Manuel Jiménez Sánchez ◽  
Raúl Álvarez Pérez ◽  
Gomer Betancor Nuez

El movimiento de los pensionistas en 2018 supuso la primera movilización multitudinaria basada en una identidad colectiva de personas mayores en España, y mostró una capacidad de contestación popular sin precedentes en el tema de las pensiones. Este trabajo indaga en el proceso de configuración de la identidad colectiva como estrategia analítica que permite entender la aparición y la naturaleza (exitosa) de la movilización. Siguiendo la conceptualización de Melucci, este proceso se analiza desde una doble perspectiva. Por un lado, como estrategia de actores colectivos que persiguen articular la contestación popular a la política de pensiones puestas en marcha durante la Gran Recesión. Aquí, el análisis se centra en identificar el proceso organizativo en el que se sientan las bases identitarias del movimiento, y que se extenderían con éxito en la fase posterior de contestación masiva. Por otro lado, se presta atención a la naturaleza de la identificación entre los propios pensionistas como resultado de procesos de aprendizaje durante sus experiencias de movilización. Para la primera perspectiva, el trabajo se basa en informaciones obtenidas en noticias de prensa sobre las actividades de protesta y en documentos producidos por las organizaciones del movimiento. La perspectiva individual de los participantes se fundamenta en el análisis de los discursos obtenidos en entrevistas personales focalizadas a participantes. Este doble enfoque, como estrategia organizativa intencionada y como proceso de aprendizaje durante la experiencia de la movilización, ofrece informaciones clave para comprender no solo el proceso, inédito en España, de construcción de una voz propia de los pensionistas sino también para indagar en los procesos de aprendizaje y cambio actitudinal que implican para los participantes corrientes. En un sentido más amplio, esta estrategia de análisis permite igualmente, por un lado, ubicar el proceso de movilización de los pensionistas en una trayectoria temporal más amplia de contestación popular y, en particular, vincularlo a los legados del ciclo de movilización que protagonizó el 15-M. Por otro lado, también permite destacar esos procesos de contestación como espacios de aprendizaje en los que se modelan actitudes, valores y demás elementos de la cultura de protesta. The pensioners' movement in 2018 was the first mass mobilization based on a collective identity of older people in Spain, and showed an unprecedented capacity for popular contestation on the issue of pensions. This paper inquires into the process of collective identity configuration as an analytical strategy that allows us to understand the emergence and (successful) nature of the mobilisation. Following Melucci's conceptualization, this process is analysed from a double perspective. On the one hand, as a strategy of collective actors seeking to articulate popular contestation to the pension policies implemented during the Great Recession. Here, the analysis focuses on identifying the organizational process in which the identity bases of the movement are established and, which were successfully extended in the subsequent phase of mass protest. On the other hand, attention is paid to the nature of the collective identification among pensioners themselves as result of learning processes during their protest experiences. The analysis of the organizational configuration of the movement is based on information obtained from press reports on the protest activities and documents produced by the movement's organizations. The individual perspective of the participants relies on the analysis of the discourses obtained in focused interviews with participants. This dual approach, as an intentional organizational strategy and as a learning process during the mobilization experience, provides key information to understand not only the process, unprecedented in Spain, of building a voice for pensioners, but also to investigate the learning processes and attitudinal change involved for ordinary participants. More broadly, it also allows, on the one hand, to place the process of mobilization of pensioners in a broader temporal trajectory of popular contestation and, in particular, to link it to the legacies of the cycle of mobilization in the wake of the 15-M movement. On the other hand, it also allows us to observe protest as learning spaces in which attitudes, values, and other elements of the culture of protest are modelled.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document