Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivar and Weed Sensitivity to DPX-E9636

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Bewick ◽  
Kenneth Smith ◽  
William M. Stall ◽  
Steven M. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Application Method ◽  
American Black ◽  
Tomato Cultivars

Sensitivity of 49 tomato cultivars and four weeds to DPX-E9636 was determined in greenhouse experiments. Cultivar tolerance varied from completely tolerant to intolerant. The most efficacious application method in greenhouse experiments was early POST for the weeds tested (yellow nutsedge, prostrate eclipta, and paraquat-resistant and -sensitive American black nightshade). Paraquat-resistant American black nightshade was 123 times more sensitive to DPX-E9636 than the paraquat-sensitive biotype. Under field conditions and at 0, 36, or 72 g ai/ha applied one week after transplanting, tomato cultivars showed no response to DPX-E9636 in visual vigor ratings 3 wk treatment, or in shoot fresh or dry weight 4 wk after treatment.

Alternatives for Control of Paraquat Tolerant American Black Nightshade (Solanum americana)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Bewick ◽  
William M. Stall ◽  
Stephen R. Kostewicz ◽  
Kenneth Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Metal Chelator ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
American Black

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to identify alternative herbicide treatments for the control of a biotype of American black nightshade which has been shown to tolerate paraquat. In greenhouse experiments the combination of paraquat and the metal chelator diethyldithiocarbamate at either 1% w/v or 3% w/v, and diquat alone significantly lowered I50values, based on dry weight, when compared with paraquat alone. None of these treatments provided acceptable control (>90%) in field experiments. Treatments that controlled American black nightshade under field conditions were: monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 9 kg ai ha-1, monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 9 kg ha-1+ paraquat at 0.6 kg ha-1, lactofen at 0.6 kg ha-1, oxyfluorfen at 0.6 kg ha-1, and acifluorfen at 0.6 kg ha-1. Addition of tridiphane at 1.7 kg ha-1to paraquat at 0.6 kg ha-1did not improve control of American black nightshade under field conditions.

Competitive interactions of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and nutsedges (Cyperusspp.)

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
Thomas A. Bewick ◽  
William M. Stall ◽  
Donn G. Shilling
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yield Analysis ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Replacement series experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate effects of population densities and proportions on the intraspecific and interspecific interference of either purple nutsedge or yellow nutsedge with tomato cv. Sunny, under nonlimiting conditions of water and nutrients. When grown with either nutsedge species for 40 d, tomato dry weight per plant increased and dry weight per plant of nutsedge decreased as their relative proportions decreased in mixture. Relative yield analysis indicated tomato is a stronger competitor than either nutsedge species. Both nutsedges appeared to be weak interspecific competitors but strong intraspecific competitors. Attenuated light on a purple nutsedge canopy showed that tomato additions can reduce light received by the weed compared to pure nutsedge stands.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Tolerance to Diphenyl Ether Herbicides Applied Postemergence

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Tomato Cultivars

Tolerance of tomato cultivars to diphenyl ether herbicides applied postemergence was determined in greenhouse and field experiments. In greenhouse experiments, tomato cultivar tolerance differed, but acifluorfen injured all genotypes. ‘Carmen’, ‘PetoPride 2’ and ‘Heinz 1350’ tolerated acifluorfen while ‘Advantage’, and ‘Red Plum’ were susceptible. Growth habit and tolerance to 1.1 kg ae/ha acifluorfen was significantly correlated (r2= 0.24). Field-planted tomato cultivars' tolerance to diphenyl ether herbicides applied postemergence differed. Heinz 1350 and ‘Veeroma’ tolerated diphenyl ethers, while Advantage and Red Plum were susceptible. Potency of diphenyl ethers also varied with oxyfluorfen the most injurious and acifluorfen and fomesafen the least injurious.

Resistance of standing milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens) varieties to Embellisia astragali

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Yu ◽  
Z. B. Nan ◽  
Y. Z. Li ◽  
H. L. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Disease Severity Index ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Astragalus Adsurgens

Yellow stunt and root rot caused by Embellisia astragali are major factors contributing to declining yields of standing milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens). The resistance of ten varieties of standing milkvetch to E. astragali was evaluated under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. Seed germination/emergence, shoot and root length, plant dry weight, disease incidence, mortality, and disease severity index were monitored. The results show that Shanxi and Zhongsha No. 1 varieties had the best agronomic traits and lowest levels of disease in all experiments, while the varieties Neimeng and Ningxia had the highest susceptibility to disease. Germination/emergence differed significantly (P < 0.05) between varieties after inoculation, and compared with the control, germination/emergence of inoculated treatments of nine varieties decreased on average by 1.5% in laboratory experiments and by 4.1% in greenhouse experiments at 15 days after inoculation. Inoculation reduced shoot length by an average of 24.4% and 41.5% (P < 0.05) in laboratory and greenhouse experiments, respectively, in six of ten varieties. All varieties showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower plant dry weight following inoculation, with reductions ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mg in the laboratory and from 82.6 to 149.4 mg in the greenhouse. Resistance to the pathogen was evaluated on the basis of disease incidence, a disease severity index (DSI), and mortality; varieties showing different resistance were grouped using cluster analysis. There were significant correlations between the results of laboratory and greenhouse experiments (r = 0.79; P < 0.01) and between greenhouse and field experiments (r = 0.83; P < 0.01) across all varieties. Multiple regression analysis between laboratory/greenhouse and field experiments on DSI suggested that screening in the laboratory/greenhouse could be an alternative method of rapidly estimating DSI under field conditions.

scholarly journals Potassium Affects Sodium Content in Tomato Plants Grown in Hydroponic Cultivation under Saline-sodic Stress

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Botrini ◽  
A. Graifenberg ◽  
M. Lipucci di Paola
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Hydroponic Cultivation ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Na Uptake

The tomato cultivars Edkawi and UC 82B (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown hydroponically in a solution [electrical conductivity (EC) 2.4 dS·m-1] containing 150 mm Na (EC 11.4 dS·m-1), 37 mm of K (EC 14.1 dS·m-1), or 75 mm of K (EC 19.7 dS·m-1). The leaf Na content of `Edkawi' and `UC 82B' reached values of 1717 and 2022 mmol·kg-1 dry weight at EC 19.7 dS·m-1, respectively. The high levels of K in the hydroponic solution reduced the Na concentration in the roots, petioles, and stems, but not in the leaves. Potassium concentrations in the petioles of `Edkawi' and `UC 82 B' reached values of 2655 and 2966 mmol·kg-1 dry weight, respectively. At these elevated ECs, the Ca concentrations in the leaves of `Edkawi' and `UC 82B' were 30% and 40% lower than in the control, respectively. The elevated rates of K improved the fruit: flower ratio of `UC 82B', but the high salinity of the solution reduced yields significantly. Plant fresh weight and root dry weight of `UC 82B' were most affected by high EC levels. The elevated levels of K used in this study did not increase yield, but K ions can adjust to Na uptake.

scholarly journals Selectivity of herbicide oxadiazon to processing tomato and control of American black nightshade plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Núbia Maria Correia
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
American Black

ABSTRACT American black nightshade (Solanum americanum) is one of the main weeds for tomato crops. However, no herbicide approved for this crop in Brazil is effective for the control of this species and selective to tomato plants. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicide oxadiazon to plants of three processing tomato hybrids and the control of American black nightshade plants. Four trials were installed: one under greenhouse and three under field conditions. The greenhouse trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications, using a 2x5 factorial arrangement consisting of preemergence and postemergence applications of five oxadiazon rates (75, 125, 250, 375, and 500 g ha-1) to control American black nightshade plants, and two control treatments without herbicide application. The field trials were conducted in a randomized blocks design with four replications on commercial production areas in the municipality of Cristalina-GO, Brazil. The tomato hybrids tested were Acangata 9992, H-9553, and HMX 7885, one in each trial. The treatments consisted of application of five oxadiazon rates (125, 250, 375, 500, and 625 g ha-1) at pre-planting of the tomato seedlings, and a control treatment without herbicide application. The application of oxadiazon in preemergence, in the greenhouse, was more efficient for controlling American black nightshade plants under greenhouse conditions than the application on plants with 2-3 leaves. However, the weed control was satisfactory (>90%) when rates up to 246 g ha-1 were used, in both application times. The herbicide application caused no visual injuries to tomato plants under field conditions, and had no negative effect on fruit yield. Therefore, the herbicide oxadiazon was highly selective to the three processing tomato hybrids when applied at pre-planting, using rates of up to 625 g ha-1. The herbicide presented excellent control of American black nightshade plants, using rates from 125 to 371 g ha-1.

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) interference in simulated sweetpotato plant beds

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Meyers ◽  
T. Casey Barickman ◽  
Jeffrey L. Main ◽  
Thomas Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Masonry Sand

AbstractGreenhouse experiments were conducted in 2016 at Pontotoc and Verona, MS. On March 3 (Pontotoc) and March 7 (Verona), landscape fabric was placed in the bottom of polyethylene lugs, each 0.22 m2, then approximately 5 cm of a 1:1 (v/v) blend of soilless potting media and masonry sand was added. ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L). Lam.] storage roots weighing between 85 and 227 g, and several with emerging sprouts ≤1 cm, were placed longitudinally in a single layer on the substrate, then covered with an additional 3 cm of the substrate. Sprouted yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tubers were transplanted equidistantly into sweetpotato-containing lugs at six densities: 0, 18, 36, 73, 109, and 145 m−2. Trials were terminated 55 and 60 d after planting at Pontotoc and Verona, respectively. Predicted total sweetpotato stem cuttings (slips) decreased linearly from 399 to 312 m−2 as C. esculentus density increased from 0 to 145 m−2. Predicted total slip dry weight at a C. esculentus density of 145 m−2 was reduced 21% compared with 0 m−2. Predicted rotten sweetpotato storage roots increased from 2.6 to 11.3 m−2 as C. esculentus density increased from 0 to 145 m−2. In response to increasing C. esculentus density, sweetpotato seed roots exhibited increased proximal-end dominance.

Estimating Yield Losses of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Caused by Nightshade (Solanumspp.) Interference

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Weaver ◽  
Nancy Smits ◽  
Chin S. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tomato Yield

Reductions in yields of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘H2653’ and ‘Earlirouge′) caused by interference from eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT) and hairy nighthsade (S. sarrachoidesSendt. # SOLSA) were estimated for transplanted and seeded tomatoes at two locations in southern Ontario. Tomato yield losses were significantly greater in seeded than in transplanted tomatoes. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rates of seeded tomatoes decreased more rapidly with increased nightshade density than did those of transplanted tomatoes. Percent yield losses also differed between sites. Seeded tomatoes grown at high density in twin rows (33 300 and 45 000 plants/ha) had higher yields and lower percent yield losses than did tomatoes grown at low density in single rows (12 500 to 22 500 plants/ha). Nightshade dry weight and seed production decreased per plant but increased per unit area with increasing nightshade density. Nightshade dry weights and seed production did not vary with site or method of tomato establishment. A hyperbolic model provided an excellent fit to data on both tomato yield losses and nightshade seed production as a function of nightshade density.

scholarly journals Host Range of Oidium lycopersicum on Selected Solanaceous Species in Connecticut

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. LaMondia ◽  
V. L. Smith ◽  
S. M. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Tomato Breeding ◽  
Oidium Lycopersicum

Powdery mildew of tomato in Connecticut was identified as Oidium lycopersicum based on anamorph characteristics. On tomato, conidia were most often formed singly or in pairs on unbranched conidiophores. Mycelium was hyaline and measured 5 to 7 μm. Cleistothecia were not found. This fungus caused disease on a number of tomato cultivars ranging in size from seedlings to mature plants under greenhouse and field conditions. Eastern black nightshade, eggplant, tobacco, and potato were infected in the greenhouse. Reciprocal inoculation experiments between tomato and nightshade and eggplant and tobacco demonstrated cross-infectivity, but the size and number of conidia per conidiophore varied between hosts. Conidia from tobacco, eggplant, and nightshade averaged 37.8 by 19.1 μm (SE = 0.5 and 0.2, respectively) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 35.5 to 40.0 by 18.1 to 20.3 μm (n = 300). Conidia from tomato were smaller, averaging 33.6 by 18.2 μm (SE = 0.3 and 0.2, respectively) with a 95% CI of 32.7 to 34.4 by 17.5 to 18.9 μm (n = 300). Conidia from potato averaged 32.4 by 16.6 μm (SE = 0.4 and 0.2, respectively) with a 95% CI of 31.5 to 33.3 by 16.3 to 17.0 μm (n = 100). There were significant differences in percent leaf infection and powdery mildew disease ratings between Lycopersicon esculentum cultivars and Lycopersicon breeding lines under both greenhouse and field conditions. Most commercial tomato cultivars were severely affected by powdery mildew. Cultivars such as Rutgers were not as extensively colonized by O. lycopersicum, compared to cultivars such as Celebrity and Nema 1200, but the severity of powdery mildew was still quite high. L. hirsutum and the tomato breeding line Hirol 3-21 were the only plants tested that were resistant to O. lycopersicum.

scholarly journals Identification of Weed-Suppressive Tomato Cultivars for Weed Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Schlegel Werle ◽  
Edicarlos Castro ◽  
Carolina Pucci ◽  
Bhawna Soni Chakraborty ◽  
Shaun R Broderick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Weed Suppressive Ability ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Large Crabgrass

The present study aims to identify tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars with weed-suppressive ability against target weed species in the tomato growing season. A greenhouse study was conducted with 17 tomato cultivars and target weeds Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). Tomato plants and weed species were grown in the same pot. The height, chlorophyll, and dry weight biomass of the weeds were measured 28 days after sowing. The largest effect of tomato interference was on Palmer amaranth. Cultivar 15 reduced Palmer amaranth height, chlorophyll, and biomass by 58, 28, and 83%, respectively. Chlorophyll percentage of yellow nutsedge seedlings was suppressed by 15% by cultivar 64, whereas 13% of its height was reduced by cultivar 20. Cultivar 15 reduced biomass of yellow nutsedge by 40%. The percentage of chlorophyll of large crabgrass was reduced by 22% with cultivar 5, whereas the height and biomass were reduced by 35 and 44% with cultivars 38 and 63, respectively. Factoring all parameters evaluated, cultivars 38, 33, and 7 were most suppressive against the problematic weed species in tomato.

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