Effectiveness and economics of repeated sequences of herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Several postemergence herbicides applied in fall for 2 yr either alone or followed by other spring-applied herbicides for 4 yr reduced densities of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) infesting reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, fall-applied herbicides for 2 yr had little value for maintaining long-term Canada thistle control, unless supplemented by in-crop herbicide treatment. Neither fall-applied dicamba at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ha−1, glyphosate at 1.7 kg ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant, nor 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ha−1 applied each of 2 yr kept Canada thistle densities below that of the untreated check through year five. Spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant for each of four consecutive years reduced Canada thistle density in wheat to the same extent as fall-applied dicamba followed by chlorsulfuron applied in wheat. Fall herbicide treatments, with or without in-crop herbicide treatments, were economically risky and were seldom profitable. The relative ranking of farmer preference for five treatments common to two trials was similar: untreated check ≥ spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1 ≥ fall-applied dicamba at either 1.7 or 2.2 kg ha−1 (rank reverses between trials 1 and 2) ≥ fall-applied dicamba at 2.2 kg ha−1 followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1. The only treatments that were preferred to the untreated check were both spring-applied 2,4-D at 560 g ha−1 and fall-applied 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ha−1 in trial 1 and both spring-applied (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) plus bromoxynil 280 plus 280 g ha−1, respectively, and spring-applied 2,4-D plus clopyralid at 280 plus 70 g ha−1, respectively, in trial 2.Key words: Bromoxynil + MCPA, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, glyphosate, 2,4-D

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Efficacy and Economics of Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in No-till Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500057283 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 233-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

William W. Donald ◽

Tony Prato

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Stochastic Dominance ◽

Relative Effectiveness ◽

Field Research ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

No Till ◽

Untreated Check

The objective of this field research was to compare relative effectiveness and profitability of alternative herbicides applied to the same plots for four consecutive years for controlling and reducing dense Canada thistle infestations in no-till spring wheat. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ai ha−1plus nonionic surfactant or clopyralid plus 2,4-D at 70 plus 280 g ae ha−1, respectively, applied annually for 4 yr controlled Canada thistle and was more effective for gradually reducing Canada thistle stands than 2,4-D at 560 g ae ha−1, MCPA plus bromoxynil at 280 plus 280 g ae ha−1, or tribenuron at 20 g ai ha−1. Chlorsulfuron and clopyralid plus 2,4-D also controlled Canada thistle ≥ 90% earlier (by 2 yr) than other treatments. Stochastic dominance analysis, a form of economic analysis, predicted that either chlorsulfuron or clopyralid plus 2,4-D would be preferred by farmers to the untreated check, MCPA plus bromoxynil, or 2,4-D treatments. Chlorsulfuron also would be preferred to clopyralid plus 2,4-D by risk-neutral farmers, whereas clopyralid plus 2,4-D would be preferred to chlorsulfuron by highly risk-averse farmers, those who are most likely to pick only consistently effective herbicides.

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Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00032255 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 445-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Steven J. Carlson ◽

William W. Donald

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Shoot Density ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽

Late Fall ◽

Fall Application ◽

Root Buds

Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.

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Herbicidal control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, roots and shoots in no-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)*

Weed Research ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3180.1992.tb01885.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 259-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. W. DONALD

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

No Till

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Evaluation of the CERES and EPIC models for predicting spring wheat grain yield over time

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps93-093 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 713-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

A. P. Moulin ◽

H. J. Beckie

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Reasonable Accuracy ◽

Over Time

The EPIC and CERES simulation models were used to predict spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield from long-term (1960–1989) crop rotations at Melfort, Saskatchewan. Although both models simulated annual yields poorly, they predicted long-term mean yields with reasonable accuracy. Key words: Spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., yield, models, CERES, EPIC

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Fall-applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Control in Reduced-till Spring Wheat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00034692 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 252-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

William W. Donald

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Nonionic Surfactant ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Root Buds

Several sequences of POST herbicides applied each year in fall alone, in spring alone, or both in fall and again in spring controlled Canada thistle stands in spring wheat by severely decreasing root biomass and the numbers of adventitious root buds to a depth of 50 cm over four years. These treatments included dicamba applied at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ae ha–1for the first two successive falls followed in wheat by either chlorsulfuron at 30 g ai ha–1plus nonionic surfactant, MCPA plus bromoxynil at 280 plus 280 g ha–1, or 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1applied annually for each of four consecutive years from the start. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha–1applied alone in spring for each of four years also reduced and prevented Canada thistle root growth as effectively as a sequence of fall-applied dicamba followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron in spring wheat.

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Long-term spring wheat response to summerfallow frequency and organic amendment in southern Alberta

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps95-059 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 347-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. M. Johnston ◽

H. H. Janzen ◽

E. G. Smith

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Organic Amendment ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Grain Production ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Livestock Manure ◽

Available N ◽

Grain Yields

A long-term rotation experiment was established in 1951 to determine the influence of summerfallow frequency and organic amendment on the yield and quality of unfertilized spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a Dark Brown Chernozem (Typic Haploboroll) at Lethbridge, Alberta. Wheat was grown either continuously (W), in a 2-yr summerfallow-wheat rotation (FW), or in a 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotation (FWW). No fertilizer N was applied and P, at 22 kg ha−1, was applied to all wheat crops starting in 1985. The 3-yr rotation was also amended with livestock manure (FmWW) and modified to include a hay mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) (FWWHHH). Annual grain production was affected by summerfallow frequency and organic amendment, with the lowest grain production obtained in the FW rotation. Amendment with livestock manure resulted in the highest grain yields for wheat grown on summerfallow, while 3 yr of hay in the rotation produced the highest stubble wheat yields. These higher grain yields were accompanied by a 12–31% increase in grain N uptake. Decomposing hay roots increased plant-available N as reflected in the highest grain N concentration and grain N yield in the FWWHHH rotation. Evaluation of grain yields under a range of moisture deficit conditions revealed that a year of summerfallow was often insufficient to recharge soil water depleted by 3 yr of hay in the FWWHHH rotation. Both summerfallow and stubble wheat yields were positively influenced by May rainfall. Overwinter precipitation contributed significantly to the variability observed in stubble wheat and hay yields. In the absence of fertilizer N additions, organic amendments such as animal manures and hay residues are effective means of increasing crop productivity and grain quality in semiarid regions. Key words: Hay, manure, rotation, spring wheat, summerfallow, Triticum aestivum L.

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Tracking Changes on Soil Structure and Organic Carbon Sequestration after 30 Years of Different Tillage and Management Practices

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11020291 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 291

Author(s):

Ramón Bienes ◽

Maria Jose Marques ◽

Blanca Sastre ◽

Andrés García-Díaz ◽

Iris Esparza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Management Practices ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Field Trials ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Wilting Point

Long-term field trials are essential for monitoring the effects of sustainable land management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The influence of more than thirty years of different management is analyzed on extensive crops under three tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT), and with two crop rotations, monoculture winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-vetch (Triticum aestivum L.-Vicia sativa L.), widely present in the center of Spain. The soil under NT experienced the largest change in organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, macroaggregate stability, and bulk density. In the MT and NT treatments, SOC content was still increasing after 32 years, being 26.5 and 32.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, compared to 20.8 Mg ha−1 in CT. The SOC stratification (ratio of SOC at the topsoil/SOC at the layer underneath), an indicator of soil conservation, increased with decreasing tillage intensity (2.32, 1.36, and 1.01 for NT, MT, and CT respectively). Tillage intensity affected the majority of soil parameters, except the water stable aggregates, infiltration, and porosity. The NT treatment increased available water, but only in monocropping. More water was retained at the permanent wilting point in NT treatments, which can be a disadvantage in dry periods of these edaphoclimatic conditions.

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