Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Emergence Variability in a Semiarid Region

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Wheat Stubble

This study characterized seedling emergence of downy brome from August to early December over a 6-yr period. Seedlings were counted weekly in quadrats established in winter wheat stubble at Akron, CO. Seedling emergence varied among years, which was caused by erratic seasonal precipitation. Producers delay planting of winter wheat to reduce downy brome density in the crop, but in only 1 yr out of 6 would producers have benefited from this control strategy. Furthermore, delayed planting has negative crop consequences: less grain yield and more susceptibility to plant diseases and wind erosion because of less fall plant growth. Because fall precipitation is erratic in the semiarid Great Plains, other control strategies, such as nitrogen placement and increased seeding rates of winter wheat, would be more effective for downy brome management, yet not detrimental to winter wheat production.

Influence of Soil Type and Depth of Planting on Downy Brome Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
C. R. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) seedling emergence was greatest from soil depths of 1 inch or less, but occasionally seedlings emerged from depths of 4 inches. Downy brome seed covered by soil germinated more rapidly than those seed on the soil surface. More downy brome seedlings emerged, and from greater depths, from coarse-textured soils than fine-textured soils when moisture was not limiting. Soil type did not influence longevity of downy brome seed buried in the soil. Most (98%) 8-month-old downy brome seed buried 8 inches in the soil germinated but did not emerge in 1 year; and none remained viable in the soil after 5 years. The moldboard plow was more effective in reducing downy brome populations than a sweep plow or one-way disk in a continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cropping system.

Weed Community Response to Crop Rotations in Western South Dakota

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson ◽  
Clair E. Stymiest ◽  
Bruce A. Swan ◽  
John R. Rickertsen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Proso Millet

Producers in the semiarid Great Plains are exploring alternative crop rotations, with the goal of replacing winter wheat–fallow. In 1993, a study was established to compare performance of eight rotations comprised of various combinations with winter wheat (W), spring wheat (SW), dry pea (Pea), safflower (Saf), corn (C), sunflower (Sun), proso millet (M), or fallow (F). After 8 years, we characterized weed communities by recording seedling emergence in each rotation. Seventeen species were observed, with downy brome, kochia, horseweed, and stinkgrass comprising 87% of the community. Rotations with the least number of weed seedlings were W–F and SW–W–C–Sun; in comparison, weed density was six-fold higher in W–M. Density of downy brome and kochia was highest in W–M compared with other rotations, whereas stinkgrass and green foxtail were prominent in proso millet of the W–M and W–C–M rotations. Horseweed established readily in safflower and dry pea. In the semiarid Great Plains, designing rotations in a cycle of four that includes cool- and warm-season crops can be a key component of integrated weed management.

Characterizing Weed Communities Among Various Rotations in Central South Dakota

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson ◽  
Dwayne L. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Central South

Producers in the Great Plains are exploring alternative crop rotations with the goal of reducing the use of fallow. In 1990, a study was established with no-till practices to compare eight rotations comprising various combinations of winter wheat (W), spring wheat (SW), corn (C), chickpea (CP), dry pea (Pea), soybean (SB), or fallow (F). After 12 yr, we characterized weed communities by recording seedling emergence in each rotation. Downy brome, cheat, redroot pigweed, and green foxtail were the most common weeds observed. Weed community density was highest for W–CP, being 13-fold greater than with Pea–W–C–SB. Downy brome and cheat were rarely observed in rotations where winter wheat was grown only once every 3 or 4 yr; in contrast, density of the brome species was 75-fold greater in W–CP. Warm-season weeds were also affected by rotation design; density of redroot pigweed and green foxtail was sixfold greater in W–C–CP compared with Pea–W–C–SB or W–F. One rotation design that was especially favorable for low weed density was arranging crops in a cycle of four, with two cool-season crops followed by two warm-season crops.

Emergence Pattern of Five Weeds in the Central Great Plains

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Anderson ◽  
D. C. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Emergence Pattern ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
No Till ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Wheat Stubble

Seedling emergence was characterized for five weeds that infest summer annual crops in the central Great Plains as affected by crop canopy or tillage. The study was established in winter wheat stubble between 1987 and 1990, with seedling emergence recorded weekly between April 1 and November 1. Kochia emerged primarily from early April to late June, whereas green foxtail, wild-proso millet, and redroot pigweed began emerging in late May and continued until August. Volunteer wheat emerged throughout the growing season. Tillage did not affect the emergence pattern of any species, but the numbers of kochia, volunteer wheat, and green foxtail seedlings were increased in no-till. Conversely, wild-proso millet emergence was greater with tillage. Only volunteer wheat's emergence was affected by crop canopy, as fall emergence of volunteer wheat was more than three times greater in corn than in proso millet.

Feasibility of Non-irrigated Soybean (Glycine max) Production in the Semi-arid Central Great Plains

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail A. Wicks ◽  
Robert N. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
No Till ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

We conducted research to determine if soybeans can be grown successfully in a no-till environment, in the semi-arid areas of the central Great Plains near North Platte, NE. Soybeans planted no-till into winter wheat stubble that was sprayed with glyphosate yielded more than when planted into soil that was rototilled in a winter wheat-soybean-fallow rotation. However, grain yield averaged only 420 kg ha-1during 1975, 1976, and 1977. No-till soybean grown in a winter wheat-grain sorghum-soybean rotation during 1982 through 1985 yielded an average of 1370 kg ha-1. Low yields were associated with lack of precipitation during the fallow period after winter wheat harvest or grain sorghum harvest and during the soybean pod elongation and filling period. Several herbicides gave excellent weed control in soybeans when applied either after wheat harvest, early preplant, or at planting time. None of the herbicides persisted long enough to reduce grain yields of winter wheat planted into the soybean residue. With present production costs these nonirrigated rotations are not economical in the semi-arid region of the central Great Plains of the United States.

Inactivation of Metribuzin in Winter Wheat by Activated Carbon

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Rydrych
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Chemical Injury ◽  
Loam Soil

Preemergence and postemergence application of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one] at 0.6 and 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘McDermid’) but caused considerable injury without the use of activated carbon over the seeded row. Activated carbon applied in 5-cm bands over the seeded row at 84, 167, and 336 kg/ha protected winter wheat at Pendleton on a silt loam soil. On a sandy loam soil, only a 336 kg/ha rate provided protection from metribuzin. Metribuzin toxicity to winter wheat was more difficult to neutralize when applied preemergence. Downy brome control was not reduced by carbon applied over the wheat row. The best treatment in this study was carbon at 336 kg/ha applied preemergence over the row followed by metribuzin at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha postemergence. A 10-week delay between preemergence carbon banding and postemergence metribuzin protected winter wheat from chemical injury.

Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Interference and Economic Thresholds in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Economic Thresholds

Densities up to 100 downy brome m2were established in winter wheat in southeastern Wyoming and west-central Kansas to quantify wheat yield loss from downy brome interference and to approximate economic threshold levels. A quadratic equation best described wheat yield loss as a function of weed density when downy brome emerged within 14 days after wheat emergence. Densities of 24, 40, and 65 downy brome m2reduced wheat yield by 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Wheat yield was not reduced when downy brome emerged 21 or more days later than wheat. Economic thresholds varied with changes in downy brome density, cost of control, wheat price, and potential wheat yield. In a greenhouse experiment, dry weight of 72-day-old wheat plants grown in association with downy brome was not affected by the distance between the weeds and wheat, whereas downy brome plant dry weight increased with increasing distance between the weeds and wheat.

Differential Absorption and Translocation of Metribuzin by Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Devlin ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Total Plant

Foliar and root absorption and translocation of metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one) by downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) was determined. After a 48-h absorption period, roots of three-week-old downy brome plants had absorbed two times more metribuzin on a total plant fresh weight basis than had roots of winter wheat. Root-absorbed metribuzin was translocated similarly regardless of species with 80% of absorbed14C accumulating in leaf blades, 10% in the leaf sheaths, and 10% in the roots. After 24 h, leaves of downy brome and winter wheat had absorbed, respectively, 26 and 36% of foliar-applied metribuzin, and absorption increased threefold with the addition of a nonionic surfactant. Translocation of foliar-absorbed metribuzin was primarily towards the apex of the treated leaf. No translocation from the treated leaf to other plant parts occurred with either species. The greater tolerance of winter wheat to metribuzin is due in part to less root absorption of metribuzin by winter wheat than by downy brome.

Using transpiration to characterize plant height in winter wheat in different environments: A simulation study

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weiss ◽  
N. Budak ◽  
P. S. Baenziger
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Height Predictions

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant height is an important trait for the diverse environmental conditions found in the Great Plains. It has been related to seedling emergence, lodging, soil erosion, ease of harvest, crop residue and weed control. The hypothesis that transpiration, which integrates atmosphere, soil, and plant processes, could be used to characterize environmental effects on wheat plant height was tested in this research. Data from four commercial winter wheat cultivars (Arapahoe, TAM107, Vista, and Siouxland) and nine environments in Nebraska in 1992 and 1993 were used. The climatic regions represented in this study ranged from sub-humid to semiarid. To test our hypothesis, a spring wheat growth and yield model was modified to predict plant height development (modeled as a sigmoidal function of time) in winter wheat. Daily height increment was based on the ratio of actual to potential transpiration. The model was run for these four cultivars in eight environments. Data from the ninth environment was used to estimate maximum plant height for each cultivar; a necessary input into the model. Modeled plant height predictions were in good agreement with actual measurements for all environments (R2 = 0.80). Based on these results, we conclude that transpiration was a good indicator of environment for plant height development in winter wheat. Key words:Triticum aestivum L., plant height, transpiration, modeling

Rotational Cropping Systems to Reduce Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Densities

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Stone ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
Amanda E. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Bromus Secalinus

In the Southern Great Plains, producers of hard red winter wheat seek sustainable methods for controlling cheat and improving economic returns. Experiments were conducted at two sites in north-central Oklahoma to determine the effect of cheat management programs, with various weed control strategies, on cheat densities and total net returns. The cheat management programs, initiated following harvest of winter wheat, included conventionally tilled, double-crop grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.) followed by soybean (Glycine maxL.); and continuous winter wheat. Rotating out of winter wheat for one growing season increased yield of succedent wheat up to 32% and 42% at Billings and Ponca City, respectively. Dockage due to cheat in the succedent wheat was reduced up to 78% and 87% by rotating out of winter wheat for one growing season at Billings and Ponca City, respectively. Cheat management programs including a crop rotation with herbicides applied to the grain sorghum, except for an application of atrazine + metolachlor at Ponca City, improved total net returns over the nontreated continuous wheat option. Cheat panicles in the succedent wheat were reduced up to 87% by rotation out of winter wheat for one growing season.

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