Genetics of bipolar disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Souery ◽  
I. Massat ◽  
J. Mendlewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Trinucleotide Repeat ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Successive Generations

ABSTRACTAdvances towards the understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in mood disorders provide interesting yet diverse hypotheses and promising models. In this context, molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD. This phenomenon describes the increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific mutations (Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences) and may represent a genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder. In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, provided additional evidence in favour of the genetic hypothesis in mood disorders. Moreover, these methods have been improved through models to test the gene-environment interactions. While significant advances have been made in this major field of research, it appears that integrative models, taking into account the interactions between biological (genetic) factors and social (psychosocial environment) variables offer the most reliable way to approach the complex mechanisms involved in the etiology and outcome of mood disorders.

New molecular genetic findings in the genetics of affective disorders

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-54
Author(s):  
D. Souery ◽  
J. Mendlewicz
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Trinucleotide Repeat ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Successive Generations

Molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome. Specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. These include genes on chromosomes 18, 21, 4, 5, 11 and X. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD and in unipolar affective disorder (UPAD). This phenomenon describes the increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific mutations (trinucleotide repeat sequences). Associations with these mutations have been reported in different populations of BPAD-patients and may represent a genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder.These findings are all preliminary and require to be confirmed. Large multi-centres and multi-disciplinary projects are currently underway in Europe and in the US and hopefully will improve our understanding of the genetic factors involved in affective disorders. In addition, genetic approaches used in psychiatry are being combined with an assessment of non-genetic susceptibility factors. The investigation of interactions between gene and environment is one of the most promising areas dealing with complex multi-factorial diseases such as the affective disorders.

Genetic aetiology of mood disorders

2012 ◽  
pp. 650-658
Author(s):  
Pierre Oswald ◽  
Daniel Souery ◽  
Julien Mendlewicz
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Life Context

Advances towards the understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in mood disorders provide interesting yet diverse hypotheses and promising models. In this context, molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD and in unipolar affective disorder (UPAD). In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, provided additional evidence in favour of the genetic hypothesis in mood disorders. Moreover, these methods have been improved through models to test the gene-environment interactions. In addition to genetic approaches, psychiatric research has focused on the role of psychosocial factors in the emergence of mood disorders. In this approach, psychosocial factors refer to the patient's social life context as well as to personality dimensions. Abnormalities in the social behavior such as impairment in social relationships have been observed during episode of affective disorders, and implicated in the etiology of affective disorders. Further, gender and socio-economic status also emerged as having a possible impact on the development of affective disorders. Finally, the onset and outcome of affective disorders could also be explained by interactions between the social life context and the individual's temperament and personality. The importance of temperament and personality characteristics in the etiology of depression has been emphasized in various theories, although disagreement exists with regard to terminology and the etiology. While significant advances have been done in these two major fields of research, it appears that integrative models, taking into account the interactions between biological (genetic) factors and social (psychosocial environment) variables offer the most reliable way to approach the complex mechanisms involved in the etiology and outcome of mood disorders. This chapter will review some of the most promising genetic and psychosocial hypotheses in mood disorders that can be integrated in interactive models.

Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders with Particular Reference to Affective Disorders

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (S2) ◽  
pp. 63s-69s ◽  
Author(s):  
D Souery ◽  
O Lipp ◽  
B Mahieu ◽  
J Mendlewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Trinucleotide Repeat ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic

SummaryThe present article reviews the recent molecular genetic findings in affective disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole, linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation of some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar affective disorder on chromosomes 18, 5, 11, 4, 21 and X. The hypothesis of anticipation in affective disorders is also considered in light of interesting results with trinucleotide repeat mutations.

Studies of Anticipation in Bipolar Affective Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia J. Lange ◽  
Melvin G. McInnis
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Trinucleotide Repeats ◽  
Molecular Genetic Basis ◽  
Progressive Neurodegeneration ◽  
Successive Generations

ABSTRACTAnticipation refers to the increase in disease severity or decrease in age of onset in successive generations. The concept evolved from the theories and dogma of degeneration that were pervasive in psychiatry and medicine in the late 19th century and into the early 20th century. The term was set aside with the criticism of geneticist Lionel Penrose, who argued that anticipation was the result of ascertainment biases. The renewed interest in anticipation followed the identification of its molecular genetic basis in the form of unstable trinucleotide repeats. Subsequently, several diseases have been studied clinically for the presence of anticipation. Although anticipation has been identified in many diseases, including bipolar disorder, only diseases showing a pattern of progressive neurodegeneration have been associated with unstable trinucleotide repeats. This review summarizes the research on anticipation in bipolar disorder and other secular trends in the patterns of the illness such as the cohort effect. The changing nature of bipolar disorder is likely to be a result of combined influences from several genes, some of which are likely to be in a state of flux, as well as environmental or cultural forces that converge to give the clinical picture of anticipation.

Molecular genetic findings in mood disorders

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
D. Souery ◽  
J. Mendlewicz
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Family Studies ◽  
Allelic Association ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
The Us

Traditional methods used to asses genetic effects, such as twins, adoption and family studies, have demonstrated the role genetic vulnerability factors in the etiology of major psychiatric diseases such as affective disorders and schizophrenia. It remains however impossible, using these methods, to specify the genetic variables involved and the exact mode of transmission of these diseases. New genetic approaches in psychiatry include the use of DNA markers in sophisticated strategies to examine families and populations. Genetic linkage (in families) and allelic association (in unrelated subjects) are the most frequent techniques applied searching for genes in psychiatric diseases. Advances in these methods have permitted their application to complex diseases in which the mode of genetic transmission is unknown. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also, been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of affective disorders. Large multi-centre and multi-disciplinary projects are currently underway in Europe and in the US and hopefully will improve our understanding of the genetic factors involved in affective disorders. In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, have been improved, providing validated models to test the gene-environment interactions.

Heritability in the Era of Molecular Genetics: Some Thoughts for Understanding Genetic Influences on Behavioural Traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Johnson ◽  
Lars Penke ◽  
Frank M. Spinath
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Quantitative Genetics ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Important Evidence ◽  
Dominant Paradigm

Genetic influences on behavioural traits are ubiquitous. When behaviourism was the dominant paradigm in psychology, demonstrations of heritability of behavioural and psychological constructs provided important evidence of its limitations. Now that genetic influences on behavioural traits are generally accepted, we need to recognise the limitations of heritability as an indicator of both the aetiology and likelihood of discovering molecular genetic associations with behavioural traits. We review those limitations and conclude that quantitative genetics and genetically informative research designs are still critical to understanding the roles of gene–environment interplay in developmental processes, though not necessarily in the ways commonly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Manejo y comorbilidades de los trastornos bipolares en la infancia y adolescencia

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Hugo Enrique Hernández-Martínez ◽  
Marta Georgina Ochoa-Madrigal
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
World Population ◽  
Key Words Bipolar Disorder ◽  
The World ◽  
Cardinal Symptoms

The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders (BPD) in children is currently one of the biggest challenges and area of controversy in the field of child psychiatry. Bipolar disorders encompass several affective disorders that involve alterations in the degree of activity, content and form of thinking that are characterized by biphasic episodes of mood. This group of disorders affect approximately 1% of the world population and begin in youth (the average age of onset of ~20 years). However, in some studies a delay of 5 years has been observed since the presentation of symptoms at the beginning of the treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of TBP in children and adolescents should be based on the same set of symptoms applied to adults, as well as the general principles of the treatment. The research carried out around this disorder has resulted in changes in the conceptualization and approach of this pathology, now conceived as a group of disorders that share changes in mood and other cardinal symptoms, of a chronic and progressive nature that impacts in a negative way in those who suffer them. Key words: Bipolar disorder; childhood; mania; hypomania; depression.

Genetics, Parenting, and Moral Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 106-128
Author(s):  
Dana Vertsberger ◽  
Salomon Israel ◽  
Ariel Knafo-Noam
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Parental Influences ◽  
Serotonergic System ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
The Way

This chapter reviews findings regarding genetic and parental influences on moral development, and is organized according to three morally relevant components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component refers to the conceptualization of right and wrong, and specifically moral reasoning and values. The affective component refers to feelings related to reactions to social situations and evaluations of chosen actions, focusing on emotions such as empathy, guilt, and pride. The behavioral component refers to the way individuals choose to behave, and specifically to prosocial behavior. We review relevant quantitative and molecular genetic designs, and particularly four neurobiological systems: the dopaminergic system, the oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic systems, and the serotonergic system, which have been found to be associated with moral development. In addition, we review parents’ influences on moral development, in the context of gene-environment interactions and correlations.

scholarly journals Astroglial Connexin43 as a Potential Target for a Mood Stabiliser

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Motohiro Okada ◽  
Tomoka Oka ◽  
Misaki Nakamoto ◽  
Kouji Fukuyama ◽  
Takashi Shiroyama
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junction ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Monoamine Transporter ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Novel Strategy

Mood disorders remain a major public health concern worldwide. Monoaminergic hypotheses of pathophysiology of bipolar and major depressive disorders have led to the development of monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants for the treatment of major depression and have contributed to the expanded indications of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorders. In spite of psychopharmacological progress, current pharmacotherapy according to the monoaminergic hypothesis alone is insufficient to improve or prevent mood disorders. Recent approval of esketamine for treatment of treatment-resistant depression has attracted attention in psychopharmacology as a glutamatergic hypothesis of the pathophysiology of mood disorders. On the other hand, in the last decade, accumulated findings regarding the pathomechanisms of mood disorders emphasised that functional abnormalities of tripartite synaptic transmission play important roles in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. At first glance, the enhancement of astroglial connexin seems to contribute to antidepressant and mood-stabilising effects, but in reality, antidepressive and mood-stabilising actions are mediated by more complicated interactions associated with the astroglial gap junction and hemichannel. Indeed, several depressive mood-inducing stress stimulations suppress connexin43 expression and astroglial gap junction function, but enhance astroglial hemichannel activity. On the other hand, monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants suppress astroglial hemichannel activity and enhance astroglial gap junction function, whereas several non-antidepressant mood stabilisers activate astroglial hemichannel activity. Based on preclinical findings, in this review, we summarise the effects of antidepressants, mood-stabilising antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants on astroglial connexin, and then, to establish a novel strategy for treatment of mood disorders, we reveal the current progress in psychopharmacology, changing the question from “what has been revealed?” to “what should be clarified?”.

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