scholarly journals Virucidal effect of chlorinated water containing cyanuric acid

1988 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yamashita ◽  
K. Sakae ◽  
Y. Ishihara ◽  
S. Isomura ◽  
H. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Inactivation Rate ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Virucidal Effect ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Effect Of Chlorine

SUMMARYThe inhibitory influence of cyanuric acid on the virucidal effect of chlorine was studied. The time required for 99·9% inactivation of ten enteroviruses and two adenoviruses by 0·5 mg/l free available chlorine at pH 7·0 and 25○C was prolonged approximately 4·8–28·8 times by the addition of 30 mg/l cyanuric acid. Comparative inactivation of poliovirus 1 by free available chlorine with or without cyanuric acid revealed the following. The inactivation rate by 1·5 mg/l free available chlorine with 30 mg/l cyanuric acid or by 0·5 mg/l free available chlorine with 1 mg/1 cyanuric acid was slower than by 0·5 mg/1 free available chlorine alone. Temperature and pH did not affect the inhibitory influence of cyanuric acid on the disinfectant action of chlorine. In the swimming-pool and tap water, cyanuric acid delayed the virucidal effect of chlorine as much as in the ‚clean’ condition of chlorine-buffered distilled water. The available chlorine value should be increased to 1·5 mg/l when cyanuric acid is used in swimming-pool water.

scholarly journals Influence of Cyanuric Acid on Virucidal Effect of Chlorine and the Comparative Study in Actual Swimming Pool Waters

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Teruo YAMASHITA ◽  
Kenji SAKAE ◽  
Yuichi ISHIHARA ◽  
Hiromasa INOUE ◽  
Shin ISOMURA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Virucidal Effect ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Effect Of Chlorine

scholarly journals Validation of Questionnaire Methods to Quantify Recreational Water Ingestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Suppes ◽  
Kacey Ernst ◽  
Leif Abrell ◽  
Kelly Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Chemical Tracer ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Validation Of Questionnaire

Swimming pool water ingestion volumes are necessary for assessing infection risk from swimming. Pool water ingestion volumes can be estimated by questionnaire or measuring a chemical tracer in swimmer urine. Questionnaires are often preferred to the chemical tracer method because surveys are less time consuming, but no research exists validating questionnaires accurately quantify pool water ingestion volumes. The objective of this study was to explore if questionnaires are a reliable tool for collecting pool water ingestion volumes. A questionnaire was issued at four pool sites in Tucson, Arizona to 46 swimmers who also submitted a urine sample for analyzing cyanuric acid, a chemical tracer. Perceived ingestion volumes reported on the questionnaire were compared with pool water ingestion volumes, quantified by analyzing cyanuric acid in swimmer urine. Swimmers were asked if they swallowed (1) no water or only a few drops, (2) one to two mouthfuls, (3) three to five mouthfuls, or (4) six to eight mouthfuls. One mouthful is the equivalent of 27 mL of water. The majority (81%) of swimmers ingested <27 mL of pool water but reported ingesting >27 mL (“one mouthful”) on the questionnaire. More than half (52%) of swimmers overestimated their ingestion volume. These findings suggest swimmers are over-estimating pool water ingestion because they perceive one mouthful is <27 mL. The questionnaire did not reliably collect pool water ingestion volumes and should be improved for future exposure assessment studies. Images of the ingestion volume categories should be included on the questionnaire to help swimmers visualize the response options.

scholarly journals Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: A pilot study

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred P. Dufour ◽  
Otis Evans ◽  
Thomas D. Behymer ◽  
Ricardo Cantú
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Urinary Proteins ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Chloroisocyanurates are commonly added to outdoor swimming pools to stabilize chlorine disinfectants. The chloroisocyanurates decompose slowly to release chlorine and cyanuric acid. Studies conducted to determine if the chloroisocyanurates might be toxic to swimmers showed that they were not and that ingested cyanuric acid passed through the body unmetabolized. This fact was used to determine the amount of water swallowed during swimming activity. Fifty-three recreational swimmers, using a community swimming pool disinfected with cyanuric acid stabilized chlorine, participated in the study. The participants did not swim on the day before or after the test swim. The swimmers were asked to actively swim for at least 45 minutes and to collect their urine for the next 24 hours. Cyanuric acid was measured in pool water using high performance liquid chromatography and porous graphitic carbon columns with UV detection. The urine sample assay required a clean-up procedure to remove urinary proteins and interfering substances. Results of the study indicate that non-adults ingest about twice as much water as adults during swimming activity. The average amount of water swallowed by non-adults and adults was 37 ml and 16 ml, respectively. The design for this study and the analytical methodology used to assay cyanuric acid in swimming pool water and human urine were effective for measuring the volume of water swallowed during swimming activity.

scholarly journals Cancer Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure in Tap and Swimming Pool Water in Kuantan Hotel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
M.E.S. Marekan ◽  
A.A. Suhaimi ◽  
N.M. Hussin ◽  
R.A. Romzay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Chlorination is a common disinfection method for tap and swimming pool water as it is the most effective and low-cost method compared with others. The purpose of the study was to assess cancer risk of THMs exposure in tap and swimming pool water in Kuantan hotels. Temperature and pH were analyzed as an in-situ measurement while the rest of the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. The concentration of four forms of THMs in tap and swimming pool water analyzed from Hotel X are 1.23ug/L and 1.35ug/L for CHCl3 respectively and none for the CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. The concentration of four forms of THMs in tap and swimming pool water at Hotel Y are 1.25ug/L and 1.18ug/L respectively for CHCl3 and none for the CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. The cancer risk from exposure to THMs at Hotel X are 1.6 x 10- 5 for tap water, 1.9 x 10-5 for swimming pool water and 2.0 x 10-4 for both tap and swimming pool water while cancer risk from exposure to THMs at Hotel Y are 1.7 x 10-5 for tap water, 1.6 x 10-5 for swimming pool water and 1.19 x 10-4 for both tap and swimming pool water.Thus, it shows that, it is in range of acceptable risk.

scholarly journals Evaluating trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water at Ho Chi Minh city

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Phu Ly Sy Nguyen ◽  
Tien Hoang Thuy Le ◽  
Long Chau Kim ◽  
Hien Thi To
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are byproducts of the process of disinfecting water with chlorine, in which, 4 compounds are most interested such as chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). These DBPs even at very low concentrations pose harmful health effects. These health risks may include cancers, reproductive disorders, birth defects and miscarriage. This study evaluates the 4 THMs in water supplied at 6 districts of Ho Chi Minh City and in swimming pool water at Tan Binh district. All samples were extracted by using liquid- liquid extraction method with n-hexane: diisopropylether (1:1) before analyzing by GC-ECD. The results showed that 4/4 THMs were found in water samples and 2/4 THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) were found in swimming pool water samples. The results showed that there are differences in the THMs levels between sampling site. The average concentration of THMs in supplied water was 31.40 ±29.23 μg.L-1 (20 – 110 μg.L-1), in swimming pool water was 109.78 ± 15.21 μg.L-1 (90 – 140 μg.L-1). The sampling site which has the highest average concentration is Tan Phu district (102.45 ± 16.0 μg.L-1) and the lowest is district 1 (23.74 ± 1.92 μg.L-1). The results showed that the concentration of THMs in the supplied water and swimming pool water does not exceed the limit of national technical regulation on drinking water quality (QCVN 01: 2009/BYT), however, the chloroform concentration of some sampling sites exceeds the limit given by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

scholarly journals The effect of saline on the eye irritation caused by swimming-pool water

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnar Rylander ◽  
Katarina Victorin ◽  
Stefan Sörensen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eye Irritation ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

SUMMARYIn laboratory experiments the acute eye irritation produced by exposure to tap water was not significantly increased when chlorine compounds were added to the water at concentrations of 1 mg./l. The greatest irritation was produced by 2 mg. Cl2/1. as NH2C1. The addition of NaCl at concentrations above about 0·5% abolished the irritant effect of tap water, and prevented irritation even when 1 mg. Cl2/1. was present.In a field experiment involving two swimming baths, one with fresh and the other with saline water (0·5 % NaCl), eye irritation in the saline bath was significantly lower than in the freshwater bath only when the swimming time did not exceed 30 min.

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