Epidemiological survey of the first case of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Europe

SUMMARYWe report on the follow-up and epidemiological study triggered by the isolation of the first vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) detected in Europe. The patient and 53 close contacts were screened for S. aureus colonization and all isolates recovered were characterized by multiple molecular typing methods. The VRSA remained confined to the infected foot of the patient and was not detected in any of the close contacts. Nasal colonization with S. aureus was detected in 20 subjects, of whom 15 carried methicilin-susceptible isolates with the remaining five harbouring methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The majority of the isolates belonged to clones that have been previously shown to be prevalent in Portugal, both in the hospital setting and in the community. Only one isolate, an MRSA, was closely related to the VRSA. Like most of the characterized VRSA isolates from other countries, the VRSA isolated in Portugal belonged to clonal complex (CC) 5. Despite the absence of VRSA dissemination, the recent increase in the incidence of lineages belonging to CC5 in some European countries, including Portugal, may result in more frequent opportunities for the emergence of VRSA.

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Effect of silver nanoparticles on vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in critically ill patients

Pathogens and Global Health ◽

10.1080/20477724.2021.1914412 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Saeid Elsawy ◽

Walaa M. Elsherif ◽

Rasha Hamed

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Aureus Infection ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

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Genomic Analysis of the Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00170-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Scott D. Kobayashi ◽

James M. Musser ◽

Frank R. DeLeo

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Clonal Complex ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

The United States ◽

Vancomycin Resistance ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Content Type ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal bacterium and a prominent cause of infections globally. The high incidence of S. aureus infections is compounded by the ability of the microbe to readily acquire resistance to antibiotics. In the United States, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality by a single infectious agent. Therapeutic options for severe MRSA infections are limited to a few antibiotics to which the organism is typically susceptible, including vancomycin. Acquisition of high-level vancomycin resistance by MRSA is a major concern, but to date, there have been only 12 vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates reported in the United States and all belong to a phylogenetic lineage known as clonal complex 5. To gain enhanced understanding of the genetic characteristics conducive to the acquisition of vancomycin resistance by S. aureus , V. N. Kos et al. performed whole-genome sequencing of all 12 VRSA isolates and compared the DNA sequences to the genomes of other S. aureus strains. The findings provide new information about the evolutionary history of VRSA and identify genetic features that may bear on the relationship between S. aureus clonal complex 5 strains and the acquisition of vancomycin resistance genes from enterococci.

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Novel Structure of Enterococcus faecium-OriginatedermB-Positive Tn1546-Like Element in Staphylococcus aureus

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01096-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (10) ◽

pp. 6108-6114 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tsai-Wen Wan ◽

Wei-Chun Hung ◽

Jui-Chang Tsai ◽

Yu-Tzu Lin ◽

Hao Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Clonal Complex ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Mobile Element ◽

Pfge Analysis ◽

S1 Nuclease ◽

Content Type ◽

Novel Structure ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACTWe determined the resistance determinants in 274 erythromycin-resistant methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) isolates during a 13-year period, 2000 to 2012. The resistance phenotypes, inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (iMLS), constitutive MLS (cMLS), and macrolide-streptogramin (MS) resistance phenotypes, were examined by a double-disk diffusion D test. TheermBgene was more frequent (35%; 97/274) thanermC(27%; 75/274) orermA(21%; 58/274). All 97ermB-positive isolates harbored Tn551and IS1216V. The majority (89/97) ofermB-positive isolates displayed the cMLS phenotype and carried mobile element structure (MES)-like structures, which has been previously reported in sequence type 59 (ST59) methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA). The remaining 8ermB-carrying isolates, belonging to ST7 (n= 4), ST5 (n= 3), and ST59 (n= 1), weresasKintact and did not carry MES-like structures. Unlike a MES-like structure that was located on the chromosome, theermBelements onsasK-intact isolates were located on plasmids by S1 nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and conjugation tests. Sequence data for theermB-containing region (14,566 bp) from ST59 NTUH_3874 revealed that the best match was a Tn1546-like element in plasmid pMCCL2 DNA (GenBank accession numberAP009486) ofMacrococcus caseolyticus. Tn1546is recognized as an enterococcal transposon and was known from the vancomycin resistance gene cluster in vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus(VRE). So far, acquisitions of Tn1546inS. aureushave occurred in clonal complex 5 (CC5) MRSA, but not in MSSA. This is the first report that MSSA harbors anEnterococcus faecium-originatedermB-positive Tn1546-like element located on a plasmid.

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STUDY OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE AMONG STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Amadeus International Multidisciplinary Journal ◽

10.14295/aimj.v3i6.58 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

Victor Victor Campos de Albuquerque ◽

Vicente Clinton Justiniano Flores ◽

Rubens Moura Campos Zeron ◽

Bruno Bastos Godoi ◽

Walberto Monteiro Neiva Eulálio Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Vancomycin Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Microbial Drug Resistance ◽

Mechanism Of Resistance ◽

Vana Gene ◽

First Case ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) infections with Vancomycin resistance in hospital complexes are a concern, a significant increase in the number of these occurrences is observed since it is one of the last available antibiotic therapy routes available for the treatment of infectious processes bacterium. Thus, this work aims to present the main mechanism of resistance induction of S. aureus to Vancomycin. The research used the databases Medline, Scielo, the electronic site of the Google Scholar databases as well as specialized magazines in the area. Thus, the selected articles showed that in the late 1950s almost half of S. aureus strains were resistant to penicillin, and in the 1970s the first cases of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) appeared; and thus, Vancomycin became employed in such cases. In 1996, the first case of S. aureus with intermediate resistance to vancomycin (VISA) was found. In 2002, the first case of Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) occurred, the latter being the only known to have the VanA gene until then. It was soon discovered that the emergence of this resistance occurred from the transfer of a plasmid with the transposon of the vancomycin resistant vanA, Tn1546 vancomycin (VRE) gene to an MRSA, which already had a plasmid for resistance to gentamicin and production of beta-lactamase. This new plasmid was disseminated to other S. aureus and thus disseminating a new resistance. Thus, the conclusion is that the cycle repeats itself and previously sensitive bacteria become resistant; thus, in this rhythm of emergence of bacterial resistance against antibiotic therapy is worrying, there will be a moment when there will be no antibiotic capable of acting in the fight against bacteria. This shows the need to understand the mechanism of resistance, the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs and the prevention of the spread of resistant microbes.Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin, microbial drug resistance, vancomycin resistance.

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First case of infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61219-2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 382 (9888) ◽

pp. 205 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

José Melo-Cristino ◽

Cristina Resina ◽

Viviana Manuel ◽

Luís Lito ◽

Mário Ramirez

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

First Case ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

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The Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Lineage: An Evolution Driven by the Acquisition of Prophages and Other Mobile Genetic Elements

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12111752 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1752

Author(s):

Floriane Laumay ◽

Hugo Benchetrit ◽

Anna-Rita Corvaglia ◽

Nathalie van der Mee-Marquet ◽

Patrice François

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Large Scale ◽

Clonal Complex ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Mobile Genetic Elements ◽

Short Review ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Genetic Elements ◽

Severe Infections

Among clinically relevant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus, the lineage or clonal complex 398 (CC398) is of particular interest. Strains from this lineage were only described as livestock colonizers until 2007. Progressively, cases of infection were reported in humans in contact with farm animals, and now, CC398 isolates are increasingly identified as the cause of severe infections even in patients without any contact with animals. These observations suggest that CC398 isolates have spread not only in the community but also in the hospital setting. In addition, several recent studies have reported that CC398 strains are evolving towards increased virulence and antibiotic resistance. Identification of the origin and emergence of this clonal complex could probably benefit future large-scale studies that aim to detect sources of contamination and infection. Current evidence indicates that the evolution of CC398 strains towards these phenotypes has been driven by the acquisition of prophages and other mobile genetic elements. In this short review, we summarize the main knowledge of this major lineage of S. aureus that has become predominant in the human clinic worldwide within a single decade.

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Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Post-Liposuction in South Korea

Cureus ◽

10.7759/cureus.14357 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erni J Nelwan ◽

Dewi Andayani ◽

Gabriella Clarissa ◽

Trisoma Pramada

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

South Korea ◽

Aureus Infection ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

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CDC reports first case of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.326.7393.783/a ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 326 (7393) ◽

pp. 783a-783 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Gottlieb

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

First Case ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

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Eugenol Provokes ROS-Mediated Membrane Damage-Associated Antibacterial Activity against Clinically Isolated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Infectious Diseases Research and Treatment ◽

10.4137/idrt.s31741 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. IDRT.S31741 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Balaram Das ◽

Debasis Mandal ◽

Sandeep Kumar Dash ◽

Sourav Chattopadhyay ◽

Satyajit Tripathy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Membrane Damage ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Vancomycin Resistance ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Aureus Infection ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

Due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, resistance to antibiotics has increased remarkably in Staphylococcus aureus. Vancomycin is the final drug to treat the S. aureus infection, but nowadays, resistance to this antibiotic is also increasing. So, the investigation of antibiotic resistance pattern is important. As there is already resistance to vancomycin, there is an urgent need to develop a new kind of antimicrobial to treat S. aureus infection. Eugenol may be the new drug of choice. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of eugenol against vancomycin-resistant S. aureus isolated from clinical pus samples. Thirty six pus samples were included in the study. Samples were isolated, identified and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed as per routine laboratory protocol. The antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of killing of eugenol were studied. Out of 36 pus samples, only 20 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus strains and 6 isolates exhibited vancomycin resistance. Eugenol successfully destroyed the vancomycin-resistant strains via reactive oxygen species generation and membrane damage. The prevalence of vancomycin resistance is increased day by day in different countries, and necessary steps to prevent the spread and emergence of resistance should be taken. The findings of the study suggested that eugenol might be used to treat vancomycin-resistant S. aureus.

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