Some visual and neurochemical correlates of refractive development

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Laties ◽  
Richard A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Regulatory Pathway ◽  
Eye Growth ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Refractive Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Neurochemical Correlates

AbstractIncreasing evidence indicates that the retina takes part in the postnatal regulation of eye growth, functioning in this respect to minimize refractive error. The evidence derives both from clinical observations in man and from experiments in animals. The discovery that visual form deprivation leads to an axial overgrowth of the eye and to myopia has opened the way to many current research initiatives. Neurochemical and immunocytochemical experiments in chick and monkey suggest that definable retinal neurons participate in the regulatory pathway controlling eye growth. The most comprehensive data presently implicate dopaminergic amacrine cells. Other important issues to be addressed include the relevance of an intact connection to the central nervous system and the precise retinal mechanism by which eye growth is regulated.

scholarly journals Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhosh Sethuramanujam ◽  
Akihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Geoff deRosenroll ◽  
Benjamin Murphy-Baum ◽  
J Michael McIntosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms

AbstractIn many parts of the central nervous system, including the retina, it is unclear whether cholinergic transmission is mediated by rapid, point-to-point synaptic mechanisms, or slower, broad-scale ‘non-synaptic’ mechanisms. Here, we characterized the ultrastructural features of cholinergic connections between direction-selective starburst amacrine cells and downstream ganglion cells in an existing serial electron microscopy data set, as well as their functional properties using electrophysiology and two-photon acetylcholine (ACh) imaging. Correlative results demonstrate that a ‘tripartite’ structure facilitates a ‘multi-directed’ form of transmission, in which ACh released from a single vesicle rapidly (~1 ms) co-activates receptors expressed in multiple neurons located within ~1 µm of the release site. Cholinergic signals are direction-selective at a local, but not global scale, and facilitate the transfer of information from starburst to ganglion cell dendrites. These results suggest a distinct operational framework for cholinergic signaling that bears the hallmarks of synaptic and non-synaptic forms of transmission.

Displaced cholinergic, GABAergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina also contain adenosine

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Blazynski
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Mammalian Retina ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fast Acting

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the purine nucleoside, adenosine, plays a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system (CNS) (Daly et al., 1981; Phillis ' Wu, 1983; Williams, 1986; Williams, 1987; Snyder, 1985). Adenosine is thought to exert its primary effects presynaptically, by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters including ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) (Phillis ' Barraco, 1985; Proctor ' Dunwiddie, 1987). In mammalian retina, cell bodies that are strongly labeled for adenosine-like immunoreactivity (ALIR) have been localized to the ganglion cell layer (GCL) (Braas et al., 1987; Blazynski et al., 1989). Rabbit retinal cells that are labeled by markers for both ACh and GABA are located in the GCL and inner nuclear layer (INL) (Tauchi ' Masland, 1984; Vaney ' Young, 1988b; Brecha et al., 1988). It is now demonstrated in the rabbit retina that approximately 50% of the cells labeled for ALIR within the GCL represent true ganglion cells, with the remainder presumed to be displaced cholinergic amacrine cells (DAPI accumulating). In addition, some of these same cells also demonstrate immunoreactivity to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), involved in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter GABA. Thus, in a particular class of retinal neurons, two fast-acting neurotransmitters as well as a putative neuromodulator have been co-localized.

Neuronal Outgrowth Guidance on Patterned Organic Films

1998 ◽  
Vol 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Matsuzawa ◽  
V. Krauthamer ◽  
R.S. Potember
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Organic Thin Films ◽  
Organic Films ◽  
Cultured Neurons ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Neuronal Outgrowth ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractGlass substrates were modified with organic thin films to guide the outgrwoth of cultured neurons dissociated from the central nervous system. Embryonic hippocampal neurons, grown on these modified substrates, developed a morphology by following the surface geometries and they formed contacts with each other. We are now investigating technical procedures for forming physiological synapses using goldfish retinal neurons in culture.

scholarly journals Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and Susak syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Zh. I. Savintseva ◽  
A. G. Ilves ◽  
V. M. Lebedev ◽  
O. M. Novoselova ◽  
L. N. Prakhova
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Susac Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
System Differentiation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cerebral Angiopathy

Retino-cochleo-cerebral angiopathy or Susac syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that selectively affects the vessels of the retina, the inner ear and the central nervous system. Differentiation of Susac syndrome and multiple sclerosis presents difficulties due to the similarity of MRI semiotics of these two diseases. This article presents two clinical cases of patients with Susac syndrome who were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at the onset of the disease. Based on the analysis of our own clinical observations and literature data, the issues of differential diagnosis of Susac syndrome and multiple sclerosis are highlighted. For the first time a variant of the MRI picture transformation in Susac syndrome is presented.

scholarly journals NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA SPECTRUM DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, THE EXPERIENCE OF CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Piven ◽  
V. S. Krasnov ◽  
A. S. Novikova ◽  
F. M. Piven ◽  
Ya. B. Kushnir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an aggregate of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent, disabling clinical course and damages predominantly targeting optic nerves, brain stem and spinal cord. NMOSD is stratified into two types: seropositive for aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) and seronegative, which is reported in 25 % of cases. This article presents modern conceptualizations of NMOSD and describes authors’ own experience of clinical observation of patients.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

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