Color space distortions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Color vision impairment was examined in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) without retinopathy. We assessed the type and degree of distortions of individual color spaces. DM2 patients (n= 32), and age-matched controls (n= 20) were tested using the Farnsworth D-15 and the Lanthony D-15d tests. In addition, subsets of caps from both tests were employed in a triadic procedure (Bimler & Kirkland, 2004). Matrices of inter-cap subjective dissimilarities were estimated from each subject's “odd-one-out” choices, and processed using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Two-dimensional color spaces, individual and group (DM2 patients; controls), were reconstructed, with the axes interpreted as the R/G and B/Y perceptual opponent systems. Compared to controls, patient results were not significant for the D-15 and D-15d. In contrast, in the triadic procedure the residual distances were significantly different compared to controls: right eye,P= 0.021, and left eye,P= 0.022. Color space configurations for the DM2 patients were compressed along the B/Y and R/G dimensions. The present findings agree with earlier studies demonstrating diffuse losses in early stages of DM2. The proposed method of testing uses color spaces to represent discrimination and provides more differentiated quantitative diagnosis, which may be interpreted as the perceptual color system affected. In addition, it enables the detection of very mild color vision impairment that is not captured by the D-15d test. Along with fundoscopy, individual color spaces may serve for monitoring early functional changes and thereby to support a treatment strategy.

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“CHANGES IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 WITH NEPHROPATHY AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUROMARKERS OF BRAIN INJURY. LITERATURE REVIEW"

EurasianUnionScientists ◽

10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2021.1.89.1437 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3-8

Author(s):

Yu. Urmanova ◽

A. Holikov

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Nervous System ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Biochemical Markers ◽

Prognostic Significance ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Neurospecific Proteins

THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY is to carry out an analysis of the literature evaluating diabetic encephalopathy by determining neuromarkers. MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this article, the authors analyzed the literature on the role of neuromarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing program hemodialysis. RESEARCH RESULTS. Among biochemical markers, the determination of the level of neurospecific proteins is actively being investigated. The main part of them is autoantigens, entering the bloodstream, can cause the appearance of autoantibodies, which, when the blood-brain barrier is impaired, enter the brain from the blood vessel and cause morphological changes, destructive processes in neurons, as well as the development of nonspecific acute-phase reactions like edema or inflammation. Biomarker studies for the diagnosis of various brain lesions have been under way for more than 20 years, but at present no ideal biomarker has been found. Among biochemical markers, the determination of the level of neurospecific proteins is being actively studied. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis, this issue is also relevant in view of the frequent vascular cerebrovascular complications, but few studies have been conducted. CONCLUSIONS. All of the above emphasizes the need to identify the features of clinical and functional changes in the nervous system in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving program hemodialysis and to evaluate the prognostic value of neuromarkers in early detection of the degree of brain damage.

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Pilot Study for the Evaluation of Morphological and Functional Changes in Retinal Blood Flow in Patients with Insulin Resistance and/or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/193229681200600120 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 163-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thomas Forst ◽

Matthias M. Weber ◽

Michael Mitry ◽

Thomas Schöndorf ◽

Senait Forst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Retinal Blood Flow ◽

Functional Changes

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Vascular Structural and Functional Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Circulation ◽

10.1161/01.cir.0000041432.80615.a5 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 106 (24) ◽

pp. 3037-3043 ◽

Cited By ~ 193

Author(s):

Ian Schofield ◽

Rayaz Malik ◽

Ashley Izzard ◽

Clare Austin ◽

Anthony Heagerty

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Functional Changes

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus accelerates brain aging and cognitive decline: complementary findings from UK Biobank and meta-analyses.

10.1101/2021.05.23.21257682 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liam P McMahon ◽

Botond Antal ◽

Syed Fahad Sultan ◽

Andrew Lithen ◽

Deborah J Wexler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Brain Aging ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Aging Effects ◽

Functional Changes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be associated with cognitive deficits; however, their extent, overlap with aging effects, and neurobiological correlates are currently unknown. We characterized neurocognitive effects in T2DM in a large cohort complemented by meta-analysis of the published literature. As compared to age, sex, and education-matched HC, T2DM was associated with marked cognitive deficits, particularly in executive functioning and processing speed. Likewise, we found that the diagnosis of T2DM was significantly associated with gray matter atrophy, primarily within the ventral striatum, cerebellum, and putamen, with reorganization of brain activity (decreased in the caudate, frontal eye fields, and premotor cortex and increased in the subgenual area, thalamus, brainstem and posterior cingulate cortex). The structural and functional changes associated with T2DM show marked overlap with the effects of aging but appear earlier, with disease duration linked to more severe neurodegeneration. The neurocognitive impact of T2DM suggests marked acceleration of normal brain aging, by approximately 24%, made worse with chronicity. As such, neuroimaging-based biomarkers may provide a valuable adjunctive measure of T2DM progression and treatment efficacy based on neurological outcomes.

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Microcirculatory parameters in compensated and decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus

Terapevticheskii arkhiv ◽

10.17116/terarkh2017891028-35 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 28-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O V Suchkova ◽

Yu I Gurfinkel ◽

M L Sasonko

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Capillary Blood Flow ◽

Control Group ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Group 2

Aim. To reveal the features of microcirculatory parameters in compensated and decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and methods. A total of 196 patients with T2DM were examined and divided into 2 groups: 1) 52 patients (40.4% of men) aged 52.8±8.7 years with compensated T2DM (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1с), 6.3±0.5%); 2) 68 patients (38.2% of men) aged 52.8±8.1 years with decompensated T2DM (HbA1с, 9.4±1.7%). Both patient groups had concomitant hypertension (its prevalence, degree, stage of hypertension were comparable). A control group consisted of 76 volunteers (40.8% of men) aged 52.2±8.7 years with normal carbohydrate metabolism and without signs of cardiovascular disease (HbA1с, 5.3±0.49%). Capillary blood flow in the finger nail-fold area was investigated in all the participants. A digital optical capillaroscope with image-processing software was used to obtain quantitative blood microcirculatory parameters. The diameters of arterial and venous capillary segments were measured, by calculating the remodeling rate. The degree of capillary tortuosity, network density, and polymorphism and the size of the perivascular zone (PZ) were estimated. Blood rheological properties and capillary blood flow velocity were also investigated. Results. The decompensated T2DM group compared to the compensated T2DM group was found to have a narrowing of the arterial capillary segment diameter (8.4±2.0 µm; p=0.009) and an increase in remodeling rates (1.47±0.22; p=0.000). The tendency of the PZ size to be larger in patients with decompensated T2DM compared to those with compensated T2DM (p=0.080) and the increase in this indicator compared to the control group (p=0.001) reflect the presence of edema syndrome in Group 2, as laboratory confirmed by a statistically significantly elevated sodium level (p=0.000; p=0.006). The enlarged venous capillary segment demonstrates involvement of the venous component in microcirculatory disorders in T2DM. The reduction in the density of the capillary network and the increase in capillary tortuosity and polymorphism, which were also observed in the patients of both groups versus the control group, are referred to as disorders that are characteristic of T2DM. Conclusion. In decompensated T2DM, capillary bed structural and functional changes are found as a narrowing of the arterial capillary segment, an increase in the rate of remodeling, and enlargement of the PZ. Digital capillaroscopy opens up new possibilities for assessing the magnitude of changes in the microcirculatory system in DM and can simultaneously evaluate the efficiency of treatment, by monitoring the status of the microvasculature.

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Increases The Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: Obesity, Aging, Intersects and Continuum Of Progression

10.20944/preprints201907.0265.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Melvin R. Hayden

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Late Onset ◽

Neurovascular Unit ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Age Related ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vascular Stiffening

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease-dementia (LOAD) have become parallel global pandemics and current predictions indicate they will only increase over the coming decades. These pandemics may result from the coexistent increase of obesity and aging. T2DM is associated with cognitive impairments associated with both metabolic factors, diabetic cognopathy (DC) and an increased risk of LOAD. This review addresses possible mechanisms due to obesity, aging, intersects and mechanisms for the continuum of progression. Multiple ultrastructural images in female diabetic db/db models are utilized to demonstrate marked cellular remodeling changes and provide for the discussion of functional changes in T2DM. Throughout this review multiple endeavors to demonstrate how T2DM increases the vulnerability of the brain’s neurovascular unit (NVU), neuroglia and neurons are presented. It is difficult to condense so many links between T2DM and LOAD; however, five major intersections could be considered: i. aging (chronic age-related diseases); ii. metabolic (hyperglycemia - advanced glycation end-products and its receptor (AGE/RAGE) interactions and hyperinsulinemia – insulin resistance (a linking linchpin); iii. oxidative stress (reactive oxygen-nitrogen species); iv. inflammation (peripheral macrophage and central brain microglia); v. vascular (macrovascular accelerated atherosclerosis - vascular stiffening and microvascular NVU remodeling with resulting impaired cerebral blood flow).

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Clinical and metabolic aspects of the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the manifestation of articular syndrome in patients with gonarthrosis

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl201157417-20 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

L G Strongin ◽

K D Klimova ◽

E A Grunina ◽

K G Korneva ◽

E S Trifonova

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Inflammatory Processes

The present work was designed to study the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the clinical course of articular syndrome in patients with combined pathology. A total of 45 patients with diabetes mellitus and gonarthrosis were examined and 45 ones with gonarthrosis without concomitant type 2 diabetes. The patients of both groups were matched for age, sex, duration and stage of gonarthrosis, and body mass index. It was shown that concomitant diabetes mellitus promotes progression of articular syndrome. Decompensation of diabetic state leads to exacerbation of pain syndrome, marked functional changes and increased severity of the inflammatory processes in the joints.

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The Reciprocal Relationship between LDL Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11120807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 807

Author(s):

Isabella Bonilha ◽

Eric Hajduch ◽

Beatriz Luchiari ◽

Wilson Nadruz ◽

Wilfried Le Goff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Reciprocal Relationship ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Ldl Particles ◽

Increased Risk

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance feature substantial modifications of the lipoprotein profile, including a higher proportion of smaller and denser low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. In addition, qualitative changes occur in the composition and structure of LDL, including changes in electrophoretic mobility, enrichment of LDL with triglycerides and ceramides, prolonged retention of modified LDL in plasma, increased uptake by macrophages, and the formation of foam cells. These modifications affect LDL functions and favor an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic individuals. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the structural and functional changes in LDL particles in diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies targeting LDL in patients with diabetes.

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