scholarly journals The word-level prosody of Samoan

Phonology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kie Zuraw ◽  
Kristine M. Yu ◽  
Robyn Orfitelli
Keyword(s):  
Normal Stress ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
Word Level ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Stress Patterns

This paper documents and analyses stress and vowel length in Samoan words. The domain of footing, the Prosodic Word, appears to be a root and cohering suffixes; prefixes and most disyllabic suffixes form a separate domain. Vowel sequences that disrupt the normal stress pattern require constraints matching sonority prominence to metrical prominence, sensitive to degree of mismatch and to the number of vowels involved. Two suffixes unexpectedly have an idiosyncratic footing constraint, observable only in a limited set of words. We also discuss trochaic shortening and its asymmetrical productivity, and the marginal contrastiveness of some features in loans. While Samoan does not appear to be typologically unusual, it does offer arguments (i) in favour of alignment constraints on Prosodic Words rather than only on feet directly, and (ii) against simple cyclicity. Some of the strongest evidence comes from stress patterns of the rich inventory of phonotactically licit vowel sequences.

Where Is the Beat? The Neural Correlates of Lexical Stress and Rhythmical Well-formedness in Auditory Story Comprehension

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1119-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina D. Kandylaki ◽  
Karen Henrich ◽  
Arne Nagels ◽  
Tilo Kircher ◽  
Ulrike Domahs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
Story Comprehension ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Domain Independent ◽  
The Brain

While listening to continuous speech, humans process beat information to correctly identify word boundaries. The beats of language are stress patterns that are created by combining lexical (word-specific) stress patterns and the rhythm of a specific language. Sometimes, the lexical stress pattern needs to be altered to obey the rhythm of the language. This study investigated the interplay of lexical stress patterns and rhythmical well-formedness in natural speech with fMRI. Previous electrophysiological studies on cases in which a regular lexical stress pattern may be altered to obtain rhythmical well-formedness showed that even subtle rhythmic deviations are detected by the brain if attention is directed toward prosody. Here, we present a new approach to this phenomenon by having participants listen to contextually rich stories in the absence of a task targeting the manipulation. For the interaction of lexical stress and rhythmical well-formedness, we found one suprathreshold cluster localized between the cerebellum and the brain stem. For the main effect of lexical stress, we found higher BOLD responses to the retained lexical stress pattern in the bilateral SMA, bilateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral middle fontal gyrus, bilateral inferior and right superior parietal lobule, and right precuneus. These results support the view that lexical stress is processed as part of a sensorimotor network of speech comprehension. Moreover, our results connect beat processing in language to domain-independent timing perception.

Armenian prosody in typology and diachrony

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica DeLisi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
History Of ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stress Patterns

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between typology and historical linguistics through a case study from the history of Armenian, where two different stress systems are found in the modern language. The first is a penult system with no associated secondary stress ([… σ́σ]ω). The other, the so-called hammock pattern, has primary stress on the final syllable and secondary stress on the initial syllable of the prosodic word ([σ̀ … σ́]ω). Although penult stress patterns are by far more typologically common than the hammock pattern in the world’s languages, I will argue that the hammock pattern must be reconstructed for the period of shared innovation, the Proto-Armenian period.

Modeling the Impact of Packaging Stress on Device Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Xu ◽  
Victor Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Normal Stress ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Fabrication Process ◽  
Device Performance ◽  
Stress Evolution ◽  
Transistor Fabrication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Device

AbstractIn this study the stress evolution for the entire transistor fabrication process is simulated and the packaging stress is modeled as the external pressure/normal stress acting on the boundaries of the transistor unit cell. The impact on device performance from both the fabrication stress and the packaging stress is investigated using a classical piezo-resistance mobility model. The effect of the packaging stress on device mobility can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on whether the stress is tensile or compressive, on stress pattern, its magnitude, and the transistor type. The results suggest that utilizing both the fabrication stress and the packaging stress for stress engineering can lead to additional device performance enhancements.

scholarly journals Normal stress pattern of the pubic symphysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Icke ◽  
Juergen Koebke
Keyword(s):  
Normal Stress ◽  
Pubic Symphysis ◽  
Stress Pattern

scholarly journals word is a phrase, phonologically : evidence from Persian stress

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 119-135
Author(s):  
Arsalan Kahnemuyipour
Keyword(s):  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Word Level

The purpose of this paper is to provide a unified (i.e. independent of lexical categories) account of Persian stress. I show that by differentiating word- and phrase-level stress rules, one can account for the superficial differences exemplified in (1) above and many of the stipulations suggested by previous scholars. The paper is organized as follows. In section 1, I look at nouns and adjectives and propose a rule that would account for their stress pattern. In section 2, I extend the stress rule to verbs and show the problem this category poses to our generalization. The main proposal of this paper is discussed in section 3. I introduce the phrasal stress rule in Persian and show that by differentiating word-level and phrase-level stress rules, one can come to a unified account of Persian stress. Section 4 deals with some problematic eases for the proposed generalization and discusses some tentative solutions and their theoretical consequences. Section 5 concludes the paper.  

Hybrid Combination of Machine Translation with Part-of-Speech Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 416-417 ◽  
pp. 1552-1557
Author(s):  
Xiao Xu Hu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Word Level ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Hybrid Framework ◽  
The Rich

Hypothesis combination is a main method to improve the performance of machine translation (MT) system. The state-of-the-arts strategies include sentence-level and word-level methods, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. And, the current strategies mainly depends on the statistical method with little guidance from the rich linguistic knowledge. This paper propose hybrid framework to combine the ability of the sentence-level and word-level methods. In word-level stage, the method select the well translated words according to its part-of-speech and translation ability of this part-of-speech of the MT system which generate this word. The experimental results with different MT systems proves the effectiveness of this approach.

Stress in the Absence of Morphological Conditioning: An Experimental Investigation of Stress in Greek Acronyms

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthi Revithiadou ◽  
Kalomoira Nikolou ◽  
Despina Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Final Segment ◽  
Stress Dependent ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Greek is a morphology-dependent stress system, where stress is lexically specified for a number of individual morphemes (e.g., roots and suffixes). In the absence of lexically encoded stress, a default stress emerges. Most theoretical analyses of Greek stress that assume antepenultimate stress to represent the default (e.g., Malikouti-Drachman & Drachman 1989; Ralli & Touratzidis 1992; Revithiadou 1999) are not independently confirmed by experimental studies (e.g., Protopapas et al. 2006; Apostolouda 2012; Topintzi & Kainada 2012; Revithiadou & Lengeris in press). Here, we explore the nature of the default stress in Greek with regard to acronyms, given their lack of overt morphology and fixed stress pattern, with a goal of exploring how stress patterns are shaped when morphological information (encapsulated in the inflectional ending) is suppressed. For this purpose, we conducted two production (reading aloud) experiments, which revealed, for our consultants, first, an almost complete lack of antepenultimate stress and, second, a split between penultimate and final stress dependent on acronym length, the type of the final segment and the syllable type of the penultimate syllable. We found two predominant correspondences: (a) consonant-final acronyms and end stress and (b) vowel-final acronyms and the inflected word the vowel represents, the effect being that stress patterns for acronyms are linked to the inflected words they represent only if enough morphonological information about the acronym’s segments is available to create familiarity effects. Otherwise, we find a tendency for speakers to prefer stress at stem edges.

Language processing and the evolution of rhythmic patterns: Asymmetries in binary stress systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
The World ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Selective Process ◽  
Rhythmic Structures

AbstractRhythmic stress is assigned automatically in everyday speech. Usually, it is produced without conscious planning of which syllables have to be stressed. However, the ‘grammaticalisation’ of rhythmic patterns is the result of language processing. It is the outcome of a selective process which is proposed to lead to a preference or dispreference for specific rhythmic structures. In the languages of the world, judging by the typological data available, some rhythmic patterns seem to be completely avoided – even if this means an increase of complexity within a stress system. Focussing on asymmetries in binary stress systems, it is suggested in this paper that processing limitations in speech production motivate stress patterns. It is also demonstrated that the domain of the prosodic word is insufficient for a motivation of these asymmetries. Since one-word sentences are not the rule, but the exception, asymmetries find their motivation on the level of the sentence.

Prosodic patterns in Hebrew child-directed speech

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
OSNAT SEGAL ◽  
BRACHA NIR-SAGIV ◽  
LIAT KISHON-RABIN ◽  
DORIT RAVID
Keyword(s):  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Developmental Analysis

ABSTRACTThe study examines prosodic characteristics of Hebrew speech directed to children between 0 ; 9–3 ; 0 years, based on longitudinal samples of 228,946 tokens (8,075 types). The distribution of prosodic patterns – the number of syllables and stress patterns – is analyzed across three lexical categories, distinguishing not only between open- and closed-class items, but also between these two categories and a third, innovative, class, referred to as between-class items. Results indicate that Hebrew CDS consists mainly of mono- and bisyllabic words, with differences between lexical categories; and that the most common stress pattern is word-final, with parallel distributions found for all categories. Additional analyses showed that verbs take word-final stress, but nouns are both trochaic and iambic. Finally, a developmental analysis indicates a significant increase in the number of iambic words in CDS. These findings have clear implications regarding the use of prosody for word segmentation and assignment of lexical class in infancy.

scholarly journals Mainland South East Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 343-354
Author(s):  
Marc Brunelle ◽  
James Kirby ◽  
Alexis Michaud ◽  
Justin Watkins
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Complex Tone ◽  
Common Word ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Prosodic Phrasing ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Stress Patterns

The languages of Mainland South East Asia belong to five language phyla, yet they are often claimed to constitute a linguistic area. This chapter’s primary goal is to illustrate the areal features found in their prosodic systems while emphasizing their understated diversity. The first part of the chapter addresses the typology of word-level prosody. It describes common word shapes and stress patterns in the region, discusses tone inventories, and argues that beyond pitch, properties such as phonation and duration frequently play a role in patterns of tonal contrasts. The chapter next shows that complex tone alternations, although not typical, are attested in the area. The following section reviews evidence about prosodic phrasing in the area, discusses the substantial body of knowledge about intonation, and reconsiders the question of intonation in languages with complex tone paradigms and pervasive final particles. The chapter concludes with strategies for marking information structure and focus.

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