Saltation and the P-map

Phonology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Hayes ◽  
James White
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
New Approach

We define a saltatory phonological alternation as one in which sound A is converted to C, leaping over phonetically intermediate B. For example, in Campidanian Sardinian, intervocalic /p/ is realised as [β] – leaping over [b], which does not alternate. Based on experimental evidence, we argue that saltation is marked, i.e. a UG bias causes language learners to disprefer it. However, despite its marked status, saltation does occur. We survey its diachronic origins, and suggest that it is never introduced as a sound change, but arises only from a variety of historical accidents. For the formal analysis of saltation, we propose a new approach, based on Zuraw's (2007, 2013) *Map constraints and Steriade's (2001, 2009) P-map. This approach is more restrictive than previous proposals, and accounts for psycholinguistic evidence indicating an anti-saltation learning bias: saltation is disfavoured during learning because it is by definition not a P-map-compliant pattern.

scholarly journals Linking learner corpus and experimental data in studying second language learners’ knowledge of verb-argument constructions

ICAME Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Römer ◽  
Audrey Roberson ◽  
Matthew B. O’Donnell ◽  
Nick C. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
First Language ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Learner Corpora

Abstract This paper combines data from learner corpora and psycholinguistic experiments in an attempt to find out what advanced learners of English (first language backgrounds German and Spanish) know about a range of common verbargument constructions (VACs), such as the ‘V about n’ construction (e.g. she thinks about chocolate a lot). Learners’ dominant verb-VAC associations are examined based on evidence retrieved from the German and Spanish subcomponents of ICLE and LINDSEI and collected in lexical production tasks in which participants complete VAC frames (e.g. ‘he ___ about the...’) with verbs that may fill the blank (e.g. talked, thought, wondered). The paper compares findings from the different data sets and highlights the value of linking corpus and experimental evidence in studying linguistic phenomena

Velar and dental stop consonant softening in Romance

Diachronica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Recasens
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Production Strategies

Experimental and descriptive evidence from the Romance languages suggests that velar and dental stop consonant softening, i.e., the process by which stops of these places of articulation turn mostly into palatoalveolar or alveolar affricates or fricatives, has proceeded gradually through intermediate (alveolo)palatal stop realizations. Several arguments are adduced in support of this interpretation: the presence of (alveolo)palatal stops and of (alveolo)palatal consonants of other manners of articulation in Romance languages and dialects, whether through gestural blending, gestural strengthening or other production strategies; alternations between (alveolo)palatal stops and affricates in several dialectal areas; variability in closure location for (alveolo)palatal stops in general, which accounts for their confusion with dental or velar stops; experimental evidence from speech production and perception studies. Moreover, there appears to be a plausible relationship between (alveolo)palatal stop realizations differing in closure fronting, and differences in fronting in the affricate and fricative outcomes of original Latin dental and velar stops. Historically, those differences depend mainly on place of articulation and voicing for the original stop as well as on the contextual and position conditions in which the stop occurred. The present investigation reveals that fine articulatory detail needs to be taken into consideration in the formulation of phonetic explanations of sound change.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENTS IN ESP TEACHING

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Jendrych
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
New Developments ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Transferable Skills ◽  
Language Courses

Abstract The fast changing business environment and the ever-growing de- mand facing professional communicators in the 21st century pose new challenges to language learners and teachers alike. Competitive business organizations at- tempt to recruit employees who have excellent linguistic competence coupled with nonlinguistic competences and skills. It is not easy to acquire these addi- tional competences and skills. However, most of them are transferable and can be greatly improved if students are provided with adequate teaching materials and appropriate input from the teacher. The aim of the paper is to address the complexity of ESP teaching today. Firstly, it presents an overview of the changes that have occurred in the practice of teaching ESP in the last few decades. It also sheds some light on the increasing importance of needs analysis. Then it presents new developments in teaching English for professional communication at the ter- tiary level of education. These developments include (1) content-and-language integrated learning, (2) use of didactic case studies, (3) corpus studies con- ducted for teaching purposes and aimed at identifying high-frequency language elements: terms, specialized lexis items, collocations, formulae, acronyms, etc., that need to be prioritized in language courses, (4) more effective course-books with higher terminology indexes, (5) extended use of online materials, (6) teach- ing writing for specialized purposes, and (7) teaching cross-cultural and social skills. The new approach is more challenging for ESP teachers and requires much higher qualifications, such as content knowledge and transferable skills. In order to increase students’ employability and promotion opportunities, we need teaching materials and approaches that help streamline students’ efforts, economize on time, and increase the effectiveness of language courses.

scholarly journals About the correlation between the mobility of a polyion and that of its counterions

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2558-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis. GHAZOUANI ◽  
Sondes. BOUGHAMMOURA ◽  
Jalel M'HALLA
Keyword(s):  
Local Structure ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Hydrodynamic Friction ◽  
Dielectric Friction ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Charged Spheres

In this paper, we propose a new approach in order to interpret the variation of the conductibility of the PSS polyion with the nature and the concentration of the alkaline counter-ions Li+, Na+ and K+, and the hydrophobic cations Et4N+ and Bu4N+. This approach is based on a recent model in which the stretched polyion is represented by a chain of successive charged spheres, partially condensed by the counter-ions. We have found that the moderate variation of the hydrodynamic friction on the polyion with the size RM of condensed counter-ions, cannot completely explain the important decrease (of about 35% from K+ to Bu4N+) of the conductibility (lPSS,M ) of the PSS polyion with the nature of the counter-ions. Consequently, we have proposed a supplementary explanation by taking into account of the translational dielectric friction on the moving polyion. Formal analysis of this friction shows that it is very sensitive to the local structure of water surrounding the polyions. As this local structure depends in its turn, on the nature of the condensed counter-ions; we suggested that this specific sensitivity could explain the high dependence of the mobility of the polyion with the nature of its counter-ions.    

Refining the Taxonomy of XML Schema Languages. A new Approach for Categorizing XML Schema Languages in Terms of Processing Complexity.

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Stührenberg ◽  
Christian Wurm
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Xml Schema ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Schema Languages

This paper presents a refined taxonomy of XML schema languages based on the work by Murata et al., 2005. It can be seen as first building block for a more elaborate formal analysis of XML and its accompanied specifications, in this case: XML schema languages such as DTD, XSD and RELAX NG.

scholarly journals The mereology of thermodynamic equilibrium

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael te Vrugt
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Inductive Argument ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Special Composition

AbstractThe special composition question (SCQ), which asks under which conditions objects compose a further object, establishes a central debate in modern metaphysics. Recent successes of inductive metaphysics, which studies the implications of the natural sciences for metaphysical problems, suggest that insights into the SCQ can be gained by investigating the physics of composite systems. In this work, I show that the minus first law of thermodynamics, which is concerned with the approach to equilibrium, leads to a new approach to the SCQ, the thermodynamic composition principle (TCP): Multiple systems in (generalized) thermal contact compose a single system. This principle, which is justified based on a systematic classification of possible mereological models for thermodynamic systems, might form the basis of an inductive argument for universalism. A formal analysis of the TCP is provided on the basis of mereotopology, which is a combination of mereology and topology. Here, “thermal contact” can be analyzed using the mereotopological predicate “self-connectedness”. Self-connectedness has to be defined in terms of mereological sums to ensure that scattered objects cannot be self-connected.

scholarly journals Experimental Evidence of Generation and Reception by a Transluminal Axisymmetric Shear Wave Elastography Prototype

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 645
Author(s):  
Antonio Gomez ◽  
Manuel Hurtado ◽  
Antonio Callejas ◽  
Jorge Torres ◽  
Nader Saffari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Ultrafast Imaging ◽  
Axisymmetric Shear ◽  
Rotational Actuator ◽  
Good Agreement

Experimental evidence on testing a non-ultrasonic-based probe for a new approach in transluminal elastography was presented. The proposed modality generated shear waves by inducing oscillatory rotation on the lumen wall. Detection of the propagated waves was achieved at a set of receivers in mechanical contact with the lumen wall. The excitation element of the probe was an electromagnetic rotational actuator whilst the sensing element was comprised by a uniform anglewise arrangement of four piezoelectric receivers. The prototype was tested in two soft-tissue-mimicking phantoms that contained lumenlike conduits and stiffer inclusions. The shear wave speed of the different components of the phantoms was characterized using shear wave elastography. These values were used to estimate the time-of-flight of the expected reflections. Ultrafast ultrasound imaging, based on Loupas’ algorithm, was used to estimate the displacement field in transversal planes to the lumenlike conduit and to compare against the readouts from the transluminal transmission–reception tests. Experimental observations between ultrafast imaging and the transluminal probe were in good agreement, and reflections due to the stiffer inclusions were detected by the transluminal probe. The obtained experimental evidence provided proof-of-concept for the transluminal elastography probe and encouraged further exploration of clinical applications.

scholarly journals Wittgenstein and G. H. von Wright’s path to The Varieties of Goodness (1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassi Johannes Jakola
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Will ◽  
Broad Overview

The development of G. H. von Wright’s work in ethics is traced from the early 1950s to the publication of The Varieties of Goodness in 1963, with special focus on the influences stemming from Wittgenstein’s later thought. In 1952, von Wright published an essay suggesting a formal analysis of the concept of value. This attempt was soon abandoned. The change of approach took place at the time von Wright started his work on Wittgenstein’s Nachlass and tried to articulate the main lines of Wittgenstein’s Philosophische Untersuchungen in spoken and written form. This preoccupation with Wittgenstein led to a new approach to value judgments in an 1954 article, which shows strong late-Wittgensteinian influences on methodical as well as stylistic levels. Some traces of the 1954 approach are still visible in The Varieties of Goodness, while the stylistic imitations and allusions have mostly been dropped. Furthermore, von Wright’s approach in The Varieties is wider in scope, aiming at a broad overview of the phenomenon von Wright calls the “varieties of goodness”. But new conncections to the later Wittgenstein also seem to emerge: the idea of a "perspicuous presentation" of ethical concepts and the will to make philosophy relevant for "kulturens större sammanhang".

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document