scholarly journals Wittgenstein and G. H. von Wright’s path to The Varieties of Goodness (1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassi Johannes Jakola
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Will ◽  
Broad Overview

The development of G. H. von Wright’s work in ethics is traced from the early 1950s to the publication of The Varieties of Goodness in 1963, with special focus on the influences stemming from Wittgenstein’s later thought. In 1952, von Wright published an essay suggesting a formal analysis of the concept of value. This attempt was soon abandoned. The change of approach took place at the time von Wright started his work on Wittgenstein’s Nachlass and tried to articulate the main lines of Wittgenstein’s Philosophische Untersuchungen in spoken and written form. This preoccupation with Wittgenstein led to a new approach to value judgments in an 1954 article, which shows strong late-Wittgensteinian influences on methodical as well as stylistic levels. Some traces of the 1954 approach are still visible in The Varieties of Goodness, while the stylistic imitations and allusions have mostly been dropped. Furthermore, von Wright’s approach in The Varieties is wider in scope, aiming at a broad overview of the phenomenon von Wright calls the “varieties of goodness”. But new conncections to the later Wittgenstein also seem to emerge: the idea of a "perspicuous presentation" of ethical concepts and the will to make philosophy relevant for "kulturens större sammanhang".

scholarly journals Energy Re-Shift for an Urbanizing World

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5516
Author(s):  
Giuseppe T. Cirella ◽  
Alessio Russo ◽  
Federico Benassi ◽  
Ernest Czermański ◽  
Anatoliy G. Goncharuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Energy Politics ◽  
Urban Energy ◽  
The Will

This essay considers the rural-to-urban transition and correlates it with urban energy demands. Three distinct themes are inspected and interrelated to develop awareness for an urbanizing world: internal urban design and innovation, technical transition, and geopolitical change. Data were collected on the use of energy in cities and, by extension, nation states over the last 30 years. The urban population boom continues to pressure the energy dimension with heavily weighted impacts on less developed regions. Sustainable urban energy will need to reduce resource inputs and environmental impacts and decouple economic growth from energy consumption. Fossil fuels continue to be the preferred method of energy for cities; however, an increased understanding is emerging that sustainable energy forms can be implemented as alternatives. Key to this transition will be the will to invest in renewables (i.e., solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, and biomass), efficient infrastructure, and smart eco-city designs. This essay elucidates how the technical transition of energy-friendly technologies focuses on understanding the changes in the energy mix from non-renewable to renewable. Smart electricity storage grids with artificial intelligence can operate internationally and alleviate some geopolitical barriers. Energy politics is shown to be a problematic hurdle with case research examples specific to Central and Eastern Europe. The energy re-shift stressed is a philosophical re-thinking of modern cities as well as a new approach to the human-energy relationship.

A new approach to the phylogeny of Euascomycetes with a cladistic outline of Arthoniales focussing on Roccellaceae

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2458-2492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Tehler
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Sense ◽  
Bitunicate Ascus

A phylogenetic working hypothesis of euascomycete relationships is presented. Paraphysoidal ascolocular fungi are monophyletic and ascohymenial fungi are paraphyletic as paraphyses are considered plesiomorphic and paraphysoids apomorphic within euascomycete fungi. As a result it is not necessary to postulate parallel evolution of the bitunicate ascus, and furthermore presence of paraphyses in the prototunicate caliciaceous fungi is no longer in conflict with paraphyses in ascohymenial fungi. A cladistic outline of the order Arthoniales with special focus on the Roccellaceae including 20 taxa and 92 characters is presented. The type species of all genera considered are used as terminal taxa. It is suggested that the type species of Arthothelium should be excluded from the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae are paraphyletic as Arthonia radiata and Arthothelium spectabile form a grade pair. The family Roccellaceae is monophyletic and corroborated in its traditional sense, but some rearrangements within the family are made. Opegrapha vulgata and Lecanactis abietina form a pair, but the family Opegraphaceae is paraphyletic if the pair Chiodecton sphaerale and Schismatomma pericleum are included. The originally described ascoma of the species Darbishirella gracillima, Ingaderia pulcherrima, and Reinkella fragillima are found to be lichenicolous fungi. The mycobiont ascomata of Darbishirella gracillima produce 3- not 2-septate spores. No ascomata of the mycobionts of the two latter species have as yet been found. Key words: Euascomycetes, Arthoniales, Roccellaceae, phylogeny, cladistics, lichenicolous.

Shakespeare’s Post-Colonial Legacy: The Case of Othello

2013 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Maria Löschnigg
Keyword(s):  
Literary Texts ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Source Text ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Colonial Legacy

Abstract Post-colonial rewritings of European classics have been categorized either as texts which perpetuate colonial structures, or as ‘canonical counterdiscourses’, which stand in clear opposition to the source text. Appropriations of Shakespeare, in particular, have been the target of such polarized readings, which all seem to be based on the assumption that literary texts are fixed discourses. In my essay I shall try to counter the narrow post-colonial conceptualisation of the counter-discourse by taking a closer look at Othello-rewritings, with a special focus on African Murray Carlin’s play Not Now, Sweet Desdemona. As will be illustrated, Carlin’s text, just like so many other Shakespeare rewritings, draws on the ambiguities inherent in the pre-text, in order to engage in a dialogue with the Renaissance tragedy and activate its relevancies for modern post-colonial societies in a global context. The article thus proposes a new approach to Shakespeare rewritings, one that considers the pretexts’ polyvalence and one that exchanges notions of counter-discursivity with notions of textual and cultural reciprocity.

scholarly journals I overthink—therefore I am not: Altered Sense of Self in Depersonalisation Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ciaunica ◽  
Casper Hesp ◽  
Anil Seth ◽  
Jakub Limanowski ◽  
Karl Friston
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Mental Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Physiological Abnormalities ◽  
Sensory Attenuation

This paper considers the phenomenology of depersonalisation disorder, in relation to predictive processing and its associated pathophysiology. To do this, we first establish a few mechanistic tenets of predictive processing that are necessary to talk about phenomenal transparency, mental action, and self as subject. We briefly review the important role of ‘predicting precision’ and how this affords mental action and the loss of phenomenal transparency. We then turn to sensory attenuation and the phenomenal consequences of (pathophysiological) failures to attenuate or modulate sensory precision. We then consider this failure in the context of depersonalisation disorder. The key idea here is that depersonalisation disorder reflects the remarkable capacity to explain perceptual engagement with the world via the hypothesis that “I am an embodied perceiver, but I am not in control of my perception”. We suggest that individuals with depersonalisation may believe that ‘another agent’ is controlling their thoughts, perceptions or actions, while maintaining full insight that the ‘another agent’ is ‘me’ (the self). Finally, we rehearse the predictions of this formal analysis, with a special focus on the psychophysical and physiological abnormalities that may underwrite the phenomenology of depersonalisation.

Could “Subtle Words” have Conveyed “Praise and Blame”? The Implications of Formal Regularity and Variation in Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) Records

Early China ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 47-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newell Ann Van Auken
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Individual Event ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Home State ◽  
Single Author ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Diachronic Changes ◽  
Over Time

The Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) is a highly formally regular chronicle of apparently objective entries recorded in the state of Luˇ for the period from 722 to 479 (or 481) b.c.e. The present study is a formal analysis of the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū), showing that its records were written in adherence to strict prescriptive rules governing what types of events could be recorded and the form of those records. Entries recording the same type of event were recorded using the same form, including the same degree of specificity in date notation, style of reference to individuals, as well as main verb and sentence pattern. Other variables affecting the form of records included the rank of individuals mentioned in the record and their home state. Regular diachronic changes in form may also be identified, and their presence demonstrates that the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) accrued over time and was not the product of a single author or editor. Classes of records associated with events, persons, or states deemed to be of greater importance were marked by inclusion of more detail such as names or precise dates, or use of special (honorific or euphemistic) verbs. The use of formal marking to indicate the exceptional significance of classes of records apparently extended to individual records, suggesting that the value judgment associated with the class had been applied to an individual event. While the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) contains no explicit value judgments, formal irregularities may indeed have been used to express value judgments on the events recorded in the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū).

Saltation and the P-map

Phonology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Hayes ◽  
James White
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
New Approach

We define a saltatory phonological alternation as one in which sound A is converted to C, leaping over phonetically intermediate B. For example, in Campidanian Sardinian, intervocalic /p/ is realised as [β] – leaping over [b], which does not alternate. Based on experimental evidence, we argue that saltation is marked, i.e. a UG bias causes language learners to disprefer it. However, despite its marked status, saltation does occur. We survey its diachronic origins, and suggest that it is never introduced as a sound change, but arises only from a variety of historical accidents. For the formal analysis of saltation, we propose a new approach, based on Zuraw's (2007, 2013) *Map constraints and Steriade's (2001, 2009) P-map. This approach is more restrictive than previous proposals, and accounts for psycholinguistic evidence indicating an anti-saltation learning bias: saltation is disfavoured during learning because it is by definition not a P-map-compliant pattern.

A Second Generation of the Competency-Based Approach to Nursing Education

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanne Goudreau ◽  
Jacinthe Pepin ◽  
Sylvie Dubois ◽  
Louise Boyer ◽  
Caroline Larue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Teaching And Learning Strategies ◽  
Competency Based

This article describes the renewal of a baccalaureate program in nursing. This new program was developed to respond to new challenges presented to the profession. A completely new approach was adopted, the competency-based approach (CBA), with a constructivist, holistic foundation that we named 'second generation CBA.' The CBA theoretical underpinnings are presented, as well as the structure and the content of the program with a special focus on the teaching and learning strategies. A course on health illustrates the approach. Although no rigorous evaluation has been held, comments from students and teachers were collected during the implementation process. Assessment of students' competency levels remains an important issue.

scholarly journals Sensor Based Leakage Detection in Vacuum Bagging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Haschenburger ◽  
Niklas Menke ◽  
Jan Stüve
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Leakage Detection ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
New Approach

Abstract The majority of aircraft components are nowadays manufactured using autoclave processing. Essential for the quality of the component is the realization of an air tight vacuum bag on top of the component to be cured. Several ways of leakage detection methods are actually used in industrial processes. They will be dealt with in this paper. A special focus is put on a new approach using flow meters for monitoring the air flow during evacuation and curing. This approach has been successfully validated in different trials, which are presented and discussed. The main benefit of the method is that in case of a leakage, a defined limit is exceeded by the volumetric flow rate whose magnitude can be directly correlated to the leakage’s size and position. In addition the potential of this method for the localization of leakages has been investigated and is discussed.

scholarly journals About the correlation between the mobility of a polyion and that of its counterions

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2558-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis. GHAZOUANI ◽  
Sondes. BOUGHAMMOURA ◽  
Jalel M'HALLA
Keyword(s):  
Local Structure ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Hydrodynamic Friction ◽  
Dielectric Friction ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Charged Spheres

In this paper, we propose a new approach in order to interpret the variation of the conductibility of the PSS polyion with the nature and the concentration of the alkaline counter-ions Li+, Na+ and K+, and the hydrophobic cations Et4N+ and Bu4N+. This approach is based on a recent model in which the stretched polyion is represented by a chain of successive charged spheres, partially condensed by the counter-ions. We have found that the moderate variation of the hydrodynamic friction on the polyion with the size RM of condensed counter-ions, cannot completely explain the important decrease (of about 35% from K+ to Bu4N+) of the conductibility (lPSS,M ) of the PSS polyion with the nature of the counter-ions. Consequently, we have proposed a supplementary explanation by taking into account of the translational dielectric friction on the moving polyion. Formal analysis of this friction shows that it is very sensitive to the local structure of water surrounding the polyions. As this local structure depends in its turn, on the nature of the condensed counter-ions; we suggested that this specific sensitivity could explain the high dependence of the mobility of the polyion with the nature of its counter-ions.    

Nietzsches Wiederholung Spinozas. Ein problemgeschichtlicher Bezug der Konzepte des conatus und des Willens zur Macht

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timon Boehm
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Main Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The One ◽  
Conceptual Setting ◽  
Temporal Shifts

AbstractTo what extent does Nietzsche’s concept of Will to Power succeed Spinoza’s concept of conatus? In our approach, based on the history of problems, concepts are viewed as an answer to certain philosophically relevant issues. The concept of conatus is an attempt to solve, among others, the problems of creatio continua, teleology, the will as a faculty, and normativity. Nietzsche reconsiders them, explicitly or implicitly, in a conceptual setting that has much changed over the subsequent two hundred years, and reacts on them with his concept of Will to Power. Such a reconsideration of problems can be conceived as a repetition in the sense of Deleuze, i. e. a repetition that comprises temporal shifts and differences. It is required if problems are considered still as unsolved, or if their former solution seems no longer plausible. The concept of conatus appears therefore in a particular way as an impulse and stimulus for Nietzsche’s own philosophy of Will to Power which is discussed here mainly by recurring to Boscovich. The above mentioned problems arise from ontological concerns, but are ethically oriented in the end, according to Spinoza’s main work The Ethics. A special focus is put on understanding affects as expressions of the conatus on the one hand, and the Will to Power on the other.

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