Impaired regulation of arousal in 3-month-old infants exposed prenatally to cocaine and other drugs

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Mayes ◽  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Katarzyna Chawarska ◽  
O. Maurice Haynes ◽  
Richard H. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Affective Expression ◽  
Presentation Procedure

AbstractThis study investigated relations between drug exposure, particularly cocaine, and infants' regulation of arousal in response to novelty. Sixty-three infants — 36 cocaine exposed and 27 non-cocaine exposed — participated at 3 months of age in a novel-repeat stimulus presentation procedure. Arousal was operationalized in terms of infant behavioral state, affective expressiveness, and attention to the stimulus. Infants were tested and infant behaviors were scored by experimenters blind to the drug exposure status of the infant. There were no differences between the two groups in baseline behavioral state or affective expression before the presentation of novel stimuli. Compared to the non-cocaine-exposed group, infants exposed prenatally to cocaine and other drugs were more likely to exhibit a crying state and to display negative affect on novel stimulus presentations. There were no group differences in the amount of looking toward the stimulus. Both groups showed less crying and negative affect when stimuli were presented a second time, but decrements were consistently greater for the cocaine-exposed group. These results obtained when group differences were controlled for sociodemographic and perinatal variables. Sources of differences in the regulation of arousal in cocaine-exposed and non-cocainc-exposed infants are discussed, and impairments in the regulation of arousal in cocaine-exposed infants are considered in a framework of predictive implications for children's social and cognitive development.

An analysis of the relationships among engagement, agitated behavior, and affect in nursing home residents with dementia

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiska Cohen-Mansfield ◽  
Maha Dakheel-Ali ◽  
Barbara Jensen ◽  
Marcia S. Marx ◽  
Khin Thein
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Observational Measure ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Behavior Stream ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTBackground: Affect, behavior, and cognition can be considered as basic constructs that dictate human functioning, with intricate and bi-directional relationships among them. Prior to the present study, relationships among these constructs have not been systematically examined within the context of dementia.Methods: Sample 1 contained 185 nursing home residents with a diagnosis of dementia. Sample 2 contained 117 residents with dementia, all of whom manifested agitated behaviors. Outcome measures included stimulus engagement (assessed via the Observational Measure of Engagement), affect (measured using Lawton's Modified Behavior Stream), and agitation/problem behavior (recorded via the Agitated Behaviors Mapping Instrument). Real time direct observations were collected during both stimulus presentation and control conditions.Results: The relationship of engagement with positive affect, represented by the variables of interest and pleasure, were high and positive. No relationship emerged for engagement with negative affect or agitated behavior. A consistent positive relationship was found between agitated behavior and negative affect, and in Sample 2, a negative relationship between agitated behavior and both pleasure and interest.Conclusion: This is the first study to examine relationships among variables that are typically examined individually and, in doing so, has clarified the nomenclature used to describe the constructs of affect, engagement, and agitated behaviors in persons with dementia. The finding that the constructs of engagement, agitated behavior, and affect are multidimensional and that relationships among these constructs occur for some of the dimensions is important for the development of interventions and for clear communication in practice and research.

scholarly journals Word Categorization as a Function of Stimulus Presentation

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Kastoor Bhana ◽  
Charity O'Neil
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Similarity Criterion ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Phonetic Similarity ◽  
Word Categorization ◽  
Response Patterning ◽  
Presentation Procedure

Word categorization as a function of stimulus presentation was examined by means of the Word Categorization Test, in a group of young adults. The results indicate (a) a minimal use of the phonetic similarity criterion, (b) a differential employment of semantic similarity and complementarity criteria depending upon the stimulus presentation procedure, (c) a significant sex difference, and (d) evidence of response patterning in one of the presentation conditions. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and methodological implications.

scholarly journals Effects of Decentering and Non-judgement on Body Dissatisfaction and Negative Affect Among Young Adult Women

Mindfulness ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Osborne ◽  
Melissa J. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Temporary Relief ◽  
Weight And Shape Concerns ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
State Body

Abstract Objectives Mindfulness-based interventions have shown effectiveness in reducing risk factors for disordered eating; however, little is known about mechanisms. This online study evaluated two isolated metacognitive components of mindfulness, adopting a decentered or non-judgemental stance towards internal experiences, respectively, for reducing body dissatisfaction and negative affect. Methods Women (N = 330, Mage = 25.18, SD = 4.44) viewed appearance-ideal media images before listening to a 5-min audio recording that guided them to (a) distance themselves from their experience (decentering), (b) accept their experience without judgement (non-judgement), or (c) rest (active control). Participants reported state body dissatisfaction and negative affect at baseline, post-media exposure, and final assessment. Trait measurements (weight and shape concerns, mindfulness, emotion regulation) were assessed as potential moderators. Participants self-reported engagement and acceptability. Results All groups reported significant reductions in body dissatisfaction and negative affect following the recording (d = 0.15–0.38, p < 0.001), with no between-group differences. Trait measurements did not moderate effects. Conclusions The results suggest rest was as effective as the metacognitive components in ameliorating immediate negative impacts of appearance-related threats. Alternatively, coping strategies spontaneously adopted by the control group may have supplied temporary relief. Findings highlight the importance of including suitable control; further research should investigate when and for whom specific aspects of mindfulness-based interventions may be particularly helpful.

Is Disgust Proneness Associated With Anxiety and Related Disorders? A Qualitative Review and Meta-Analysis of Group Comparison and Correlational Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bunmi O. Olatunji ◽  
Thomas Armstrong ◽  
Lisa Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Correlational Data ◽  
Disgust Proneness ◽  
Meta Analyses

Research suggests that disgust may be linked to the etiology of some anxiety-related disorders. The present investigation reviews this literature and employs separate meta-analyses of clinical group comparison and correlational studies to examine the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Meta-analysis of 43 group comparison studies revealed those high in anxiety disorder symptoms reported significantly more disgust proneness than those low in anxiety symptoms. Although this effect was not moderated by clinical versus analogue studies or type of disorder, larger group differences were observed for those high in anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns compared to those high in anxiety symptoms not associated with contagion concerns. Similarly, meta-analysis of correlational data across 83 samples revealed moderate associations between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Moderator analysis revealed that the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms was especially robust for anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns. After controlling for measures of negative affect, disgust proneness continued to be moderately correlated with anxiety-related disorder symptoms. However, negative affect was no longer significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety-related disorders when controlling for disgust proneness. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of a novel transdiagnostic model.

scholarly journals Age Group Differences in Response to Repeated Exposure to Laboratory Stress Tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 772-772
Author(s):  
James Miller ◽  
Gloria Luong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Affect Reactivity ◽  
And Task

Abstract Research examining age differences in affect reactivity (i.e. how much affective experiences change in response to stressors) has produced mixed results, suggesting that there are areas of relative strength and weakness in regulatory processes across age-groups. The present study’s goals were to examine potential age-group differences in affect reactivity and subjective task-appraisals across repeated exposures to a psychosocial laboratory stressor. In the Health and Daily Experiences (HEADE) study, younger (18-35 years old; n=107) and older adults (60-90 years old; n=90) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test on three occasions in a laboratory setting over a five-day period. Current affective experiences and task-appraisals were assessed at each session using validated self-report scales, with current affective experiences measured at baseline and task periods to determine affect reactivity. Repeated measures ANOVA analyses were conducted to examine age-group differences in affect reactivity and task-appraisals across sessions. In support of our hypotheses, younger adults showed greater reductions in their negative affect reactivity over time compared to older adults [F(2, 390)= 8.18, p&lt;.001]. Additionally, younger adults’ appraisals of task-difficulty decreased [F(2, 384)= 14.79, p&lt;.001] and appraisals of task-performance increased [F(2,384)= 13.39, p&lt;.001] across sessions, while older adults’ task-appraisals remained stable. Age-group differences in negative affect reactivity and task-difficulty appraisals were not evident for the first session and only emerged after repeated exposure to the stressors. These results highlight the importance of identifying age-related vulnerabilities in adapting to repeated stressors, with implications for designing effective interventions aimed at improving health and well-being for older adults.

Age-group differences in facets of positive and negative affect

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Ready ◽  
J.G. Vaidya ◽  
D. Watson ◽  
R.D. Latzman ◽  
E.A. Koffel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Age Group

Early Phonological Behavior in Normal-Speaking and Language Disordered Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Schwartz ◽  
Laurence B. Leonard ◽  
M. Karen Folger ◽  
M. Jeanne Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Adult Form ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Normal Speaking

Various aspects of the phonological behavior of three normal-speaking and three language disordered children, matched on the basis of mean utterance length, sex, and cognitive development, were compared. The children's spontaneous speech was analyzed to reveal selection constraints inferred from characteristics of the adult form of the words attempted by the child, production constraints inferred from characteristics of the children's productions, phonological processes, and five dimensions of phonological variability. While some individual variation was noted, no substantial group differences were revealed. The phonologies of the normal-speaking and language disordered children were strikingly similar. The implications of these similarities are discussed in terms of a synergistic view of linguistic disorders and remediation.

Song System Auditory Responses Are Stable and Highly Tuned During Sedation, Rapidly Modulated and Unselective During Wakefulness, and Suppressed By Arousal

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 2884-2899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Cardin ◽  
Marc F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Song System ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Field L ◽  
System Responsiveness ◽  
Avian Song

We used auditory responsiveness in the avian song system to investigate the complex relationship between behavioral state and sensory processing in a high-order sensorimotor brain area. We present evidence from recordings in awake, anesthetized, and sleeping male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata) that auditory responsiveness in nucleus HVc is profoundly affected by changes in behavioral state. In anesthetized and sleeping birds, auditory responses were characterized by an increase in firing rate that was selective for the bird's own song (BOS) and highly stable over time. In contrast, HVc responses during wakefulness were extremely variable and transitioned between undetectable and robust levels over short intervals. Surprisingly, auditory responses in awake birds were not selective for the BOS stimulus. The variability of HVc auditory responses in awake birds suggests that, as in mammals, wakefulness is not a uniform behavioral state. Rather, auditory responsiveness likely is continually influenced by variables such as arousal state. We therefore developed several experimental paradigms in which we could manipulate arousal levels during auditory stimulus presentation. In all cases, arousal suppressed HVc auditory responses. This effect was specific to the song system, as auditory responses in Field L, a primary auditory area that is a source of auditory input to HVc, were unaffected. While arousal acts as a negative regulator of HVc auditory responsiveness, the presence and variability of the responses observed in awake, alert birds suggests that other mechanisms, such as attention, may enhance auditory responsiveness. The interplay between behavioral state and sensory processing may regulate song system responsiveness according to the bird's behavioral and social context.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document