The role of attentional processes in children's prosocial behavior with peers: Attention shifting and emotion

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEVERLY J. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Affective State ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Attentional Shifting ◽  
Shifting Attention

This study evaluated the role of attentional shifting in children's prosocial behavior with peers. Participants were 27 aggressive/rejected and 27 nonaggressive/popular kindergarten and first grade boys and girls. Children's ability to shift attention from one affective state to another was assessed during: (a) a computerized task that required shifting attention between different affective events (i.e., the Children's Attentional Shifting Task, CAST) and (b) an analogue entry task with unacquainted peers. Children's latency for sharing with peers was assessed after they experienced failure during the entry task. Aggressive/rejected children had significant difficulty shifting attention from negative to positive affect during the CAST and were slower to share after experiencing entry failure. In general, aggressive/rejected children were less able to regulate their behavior effectively after experiencing social failure. Girls, regardless of status, had less difficulty than boys shifting attention from one affective state to another during the CAST. In addition, children's social status/aggressiveness, their ability to regulate emotional behavior after social failure and to shift attention effectively on the CAST predicted approximately 31% of the variance in their latency to share. These findings suggest that the ability to shift attention between different affective states plays a significant role in children's prosocial behavior with peers.

scholarly journals Effects of Affective State on Episodic Memory Retrieval

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Asheek Mohammad Shimul ◽  
Md Rakibuil Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Healthy Participants

Attention Readers and Researchers "PDF version of this article has been modified two to three times due to problems with one figure and with missing words in the title. The final version of the PDF was last updated on September 27, 2014. We apologise for the inconvenience this might cause."AbstractThe role of emotion in memory recollection has been an arguable issue for a decade. Episodic memory is very triggering in our day to day life and so as our affective states. Present study was conducted to see whether positive, negative and neutral emotional states (affective states) have any effect in recollecting emotion congruent or incongruent episodic memory. Words of positive, negative, or neutral were presented to the participants either in positive, negative, or neutral mood and immediate recall was used in this present experiment. It was hypothesized that congruent mood would enhance better episodic memory recollection than incongruent mood. A total of 36 adult healthy participants were selected for this experiment following an incidental sampling techniques and they were divided into two contrasting groups namely, congruent and incongruent following purely on the basis of chance. Phases of stimulus presentations were counterbalanced. Different images were used to manipulate affective states of the respondents, and different positive (18 words), negative (18 words) and neutral (18 words) words were used as stimulus. Results were analyzed using paired t test. Results revealed that negative mood enhance negative word retrieval (t = 2.159, p <0.05) but not positive words. Findings were discussed in the light of current theories of episodic memory recollection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbayr.v2i1.20536 Journal of the Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers (JBAYR): Vol.2(1), 2012 & 2013: 1-8

The underlying states of salesperson product buy-in and product strategy buy-in

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Zeiss ◽  
Joseph Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Affective State ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Product Strategy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Managerial Training ◽  
Sales Behavior ◽  
Axial Coding ◽  
Disconfirming Evidence

Purpose The purpose of this study is to collect data that allows researchers to capture both affective and cognitive buy-in influenced by both product and product strategy targets. Design/methodology/approach Analysis of 13 salesperson interviews followed the cluster and axial coding of grounded theory interview protocol. Findings This study finds two types of buy-in that are uniquely contingent on the target, and for which are influenced by both cognitive and affective states of being. Additionally, it finds that either affective or cognitive states of being can both drive and inhibit salesperson buy-in of either target. While the targets of buy-in appear to be mutually exclusive, the cognitive nature of disconfirming evidence appears to directly inhibit both targets of buy-in while also resulting in negative affect. Research limitations/implications Further study that uncovers the causal role of an affective state inhibiting buy-in after the introduction of disconfirming evidence is warranted. Practical implications Managerial training and messaging approaches for achieving the two buy-in targets will likely differ or focus on only one type for efficient training. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the simultaneous effects of the two underlying states of cognition and affect on buy-in development. It is found that the two states can influence each other to stunt buy-in. The present study contributes to sales behavior literature by allowing the possibility of a sequence of states that stunt buy-in, positioning simultaneous examination is vital to the conceptualization of buy-in.

scholarly journals Affect-Driven Attention Biases as Animal Welfare Indicators: Review and Methods

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Crump ◽  
Gareth Arnott ◽  
Emily Bethell
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Welfare Indicators ◽  
Valence States ◽  
Attentional Scope ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Positive Valence

Attention bias describes the differential allocation of attention towards one stimulus compared to others. In humans, this bias can be mediated by the observer’s affective state and is implicated in the onset and maintenance of affective disorders such as anxiety. Affect-driven attention biases (ADABs) have also been identified in a few other species. Here, we review the literature on ADABs in animals and discuss their utility as welfare indicators. Despite a limited research effort, several studies have found that negative affective states modulate attention to negative (i.e., threatening) cues. ADABs influenced by positive-valence states have also been documented in animals. We discuss methods for measuring ADAB and conclude that looking time, dot-probe, and emotional spatial cueing paradigms are particularly promising. Research is needed to test them with a wider range of species, investigate attentional scope as an indicator of affect, and explore the possible causative role of attention biases in determining animal wellbeing. Finally, we argue that ADABs might not be best-utilized as indicators of general valence, but instead to reveal specific emotions, motivations, aversions, and preferences. Paying attention to the human literature could facilitate these advances.

scholarly journals The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Nucleus Accumbens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7287
Author(s):  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Shunji Yamada ◽  
Yoshihisa Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Characteristic Functions ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an abundant peptide in the central nervous system, is expressed in neurons of various regions throughout the brain. The physiological and behavioral effects of NPY are mainly mediated through Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes, which are expressed in regions regulating food intake, fear and anxiety, learning and memory, depression, and posttraumatic stress. In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has one of the highest NPY concentrations in the brain. In this review, we summarize the role of NPY in the NAc. NPY is expressed principally in medium-sized aspiny neurons, and numerous NPY immunoreactive fibers are observed in the NAc. Alterations in NPY expression under certain conditions through intra-NAc injections of NPY or receptor agonists/antagonists revealed NPY to be involved in the characteristic functions of the NAc, such as alcohol intake and drug addiction. In addition, control of mesolimbic dopaminergic release via NPY receptors may take part in these functions. NPY in the NAc also participates in fat intake and emotional behavior. Accumbal NPY neurons and fibers may exert physiological and pathophysiological actions partly through neuroendocrine mechanisms and the autonomic nervous system.

scholarly journals Towards estimating affective states in Virtual Reality based on behavioral data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Holzwarth ◽  
Johannes Schneider ◽  
Joshua Handali ◽  
Joy Gisler ◽  
Christian Hirt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
User Study ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Physical Demand ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
Sequential Administration ◽  
Better Than

AbstractInferring users’ perceptions of Virtual Environments (VEs) is essential for Virtual Reality (VR) research. Traditionally, this is achieved through assessing users’ affective states before and after being exposed to a VE, based on standardized, self-assessment questionnaires. The main disadvantage of questionnaires is their sequential administration, i.e., a user’s affective state is measured asynchronously to its generation within the VE. A synchronous measurement of users’ affective states would be highly favorable, e.g., in the context of adaptive systems. Drawing from nonverbal behavior research, we argue that behavioral measures could be a powerful approach to assess users’ affective states in VR. In this paper, we contribute by providing methods and measures evaluated in a user study involving 42 participants to assess a users’ affective states by measuring head movements during VR exposure. We show that head yaw significantly correlates with presence, mental and physical demand, perceived performance, and system usability. We also exploit the identified relationships for two practical tasks that are based on head yaw: (1) predicting a user’s affective state, and (2) detecting manipulated questionnaire answers, i.e., answers that are possibly non-truthful. We found that affective states can be predicted significantly better than a naive estimate for mental demand, physical demand, perceived performance, and usability. Further, manipulated or non-truthful answers can also be estimated significantly better than by a naive approach. These findings mark an initial step in the development of novel methods to assess user perception of VEs.

scholarly journals Temperament, Plasticity, and Emotions in Defensive Behaviour of Paca (Mammalia, Hystricognatha)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Selene S. C. Nogueira ◽  
Sérgio L. G. Nogueira-Filho ◽  
José M. B. Duarte ◽  
Michael Mendl
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Defensive Behaviour ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Judgement Bias ◽  
Temperament Dimension ◽  
Ambiguous Cue

Within a species, some individuals are better able to cope with threatening environments than others. Paca (Cuniculus paca) appear resilient to over-hunting by humans, which may be related to the behavioural plasticity shown by this species. To investigate this, we submitted captive pacas to temperament tests designed to assess individual responses to short challenges and judgement bias tests (JBT) to evaluate individuals’ affective states. Results indicated across-time and context stability in closely correlated “agitated”, “fearful” and “tense” responses; this temperament dimension was labelled “restless”. Individual “restless” scores predicted responses to novelty, although not to simulated chasing and capture by humans in a separate modified defence test battery (MDTB). Restless animals were more likely to show a greater proportion of positive responses to an ambiguous cue during JBT after the MDTB. Plasticity in defensive behaviour was inferred from changes in behavioural responses and apparently rapid adaptation to challenge in the different phases of the MDTB. The results indicate that both temperament and behavioural plasticity may play a role in influencing paca responses to risky situations. Therefore, our study highlights the importance of understanding the role of individual temperament traits and behavioural plasticity in order to better interpret the animals’ conservation status and vulnerabilities.

scholarly journals Parental Warmth, Gratitude, and Prosocial Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Effect of School Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7033
Author(s):  
Haocheng Luo ◽  
Qingqi Liu ◽  
Chengfu Yu ◽  
Yangang Nie
Keyword(s):  
School Climate ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Parental Warmth ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Moderating Role

Parental warmth plays an important role in the development of adolescents’ physical and mental health. There are numerous empirical studies indicating a relationship between parental warmth and prosocial behavior among adolescents, although the underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. Adopting a longitudinal design across two time points, the present study proposes a moderated mediation model to explore the mediating role of gratitude and the moderating role of the school climate between parental warmth and prosocial behavior. The sample consisted of 943 participants (483 boys and 451 girls) who participated in the second assessment and completed questionnaires assessing gratitude, school climate, and prosocial behavior in April 2019. Their parents participated in the first assessment and completed a questionnaire pertaining to parental warmth in October 2018. After controlling for the gender and age of the adolescents, the results showed that the positive association between parental warmth and prosocial behavior is mediated by gratitude, and school climate does play a moderating role in the second half of the mediating path. Specifically, the school climate can play a protective role in adolescents with low levels of gratitude. For adolescents with less gratitude, a strong school climate can promote more prosocial behaviors and can effectively alleviate the negative prediction of low levels of gratitude. This study provides a theoretical explanation for the generation of adolescents’ prosocial behavior and provides theoretical guidance for the interventions of schools and parents.

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