scholarly journals The usefulness of graphic illustrations in online dictionaries

ReCALL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Anna Dziemianko
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Online Learners ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Long Run

Abstract The aim of the paper is to investigate the usefulness of different illustration formats in online English learners’ dictionaries for the accuracy and speed of meaning comprehension as well as immediate and delayed retention. In a controlled online experiment, the meaning of selected English words and phrases had to be explained with the help of purpose-built monolingual dictionary entries. Four experimental conditions were created, which reflected the presence and format of illustrations in the entries: color pictures, greyscale pictures, line drawings, no illustrations. Meaning retention was checked immediately after exposure and two weeks later. The results show that it is worthwhile to include illustrations in online learners’ dictionaries and suggest the most beneficial illustration formats. Line drawings prove the most recommendable; they considerably improve meaning comprehension, reduce reception time, and stimulate the best immediate and delayed retention. Color pictures emerge as the second best. They produce results comparable with those for line drawings, except they do not help so much to remember meaning in the long run. Entries with greyscale pictures are the least recommendable. They do not contribute more to meaning comprehension and delayed retention. Yet, they even shorten reception time and help users to remember more words immediately after exposure.

The U. S. Dollarization Approach to Regional Currency Consolidation: Second-Best in the Short Run, Doomed in the Long Run

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (119) ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Von Furstenberg ◽  
Alexander Volbert
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Monetary Unions ◽  
International Currency ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Free Movement Of Capital

Free movement of capital and trade in financial services are driving regional currency consolidation. We compare the relative merits of adopting an international currency unilaterally or multilaterally. While EMU is the exemplar of the multilateral approach characterized by assured seignior age sharing and co-management of the joint monetary asset, unilateral monetary unions are represented by the proposed formal dollarization of some countries in Latin America. This paper finds that while such dollarization could be useful for the period ahead, it carries the seeds of its own destruction because peripheral countries that lose their currency need not support this one-sided arrangement indefinitely

scholarly journals Psychophysical interactions with entangled photons

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Radin ◽  
Peter Bancel ◽  
Arnaud Delorme
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Entangled Photons ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Correlation Strength ◽  
Tsirelson Bound

Objective: Four laboratory studies and an online experiment explored psychophysical (mind-matter) interactions with quantum entangled photons. Method: Entanglement correlation strength measured in real-time was presented via a graph or dynamic images displayed on a computer monitor or web browser. Participants were tasked with mentally influencing that metric. Results: A statistically significant increase in entanglement strength was obtained in experimental conditions in the four lab studies (p < 0.02), with particularly strong results observed in three studies conducted at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (p < 0.0002). Modest results (p < 0.05) were observed in a high-quality subset of entanglement samples in an online experiment. Control experiments using the same equipment and protocols, but without observers present, showed results consistent with chance expectation in both the lab and online studies. Conclusion: These outcomes suggest that the fidelity of entangled states and the nonlocal resource they entail may be mutable in systems that include conscious awareness. This is potentially of interest for quantum information technologies such as quantum computation, encryption, key distribution, and teleportation. The results are also relevant for interpretations of quantum theory, especially if future studies show that entanglement strength can be mentally modulated above the Tsirelson Bound – the upper limit predicted by quantum theory. Such an outcome would suggest that quantum theory in its present form does not hold when physical systems interact with certain mental states. The results of these exploratory experiments justify continued investigation of entangled photons as targets of mind-matter interaction.

(Good and Bad) Reputation for a Servant of Two Masters

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heski Bar-Isaac ◽  
Joyee Deb
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Long Run

We present a model in which an agent takes actions to affect her reputation with two audiences with diverse preferences. This contrasts with standard reputation models that consider a homogeneous audience. A new aspect that arises is that different audiences may observe outcomes commonly or separately. We show that, if all audiences commonly observe outcomes, reputation concerns are necessarily efficient—the agent's per-period payoff in the long run is higher than in one-shot play. However, when audiences separately observe different outcomes, the result is the opposite. Therefore, the agent would prefer to deal with audiences commonly. If this is not possible, the second-best solution may be to forgo reputation with one audience and focus entirely on the other. (JEL D11, D82)

scholarly journals Psychophysical interactions with entangled photons: Five exploratory experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Radin ◽  
Peter Bancel ◽  
Arnaud Delorme
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Entangled Photons ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Correlation Strength ◽  
Tsirelson Bound

Objective: Four laboratory studies and an online experiment explored psychophysical (mind-matter) interactions with quantum entangled photons. Method: Entanglement correlation strength measured in real-time was presented via a graph or dynamic images displayed on a computer monitor or web browser. Participants were tasked with mentally influencing that metric. Results: A statistically significant increase in entanglement strength was obtained in experimental conditions in the four lab studies (p &lt; 0.02), with particularly strong results observed in three studies conducted at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (p &lt; 0.0002). Modest results (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in a high-quality subset of entanglement samples in an online experiment. Control experiments using the same equipment and protocols, but without observers present, showed results consistent with chance expectation in both the lab and online studies. Conclusion: These outcomes suggest that the fidelity of entangled states and the nonlocal resource they entail may be mutable in systems that include conscious awareness. This is potentially of interest for quantum information technologies such as quantum computation, encryption, key distribution, and teleportation. The results are also relevant for interpretations of quantum theory, especially if future studies show that entanglement strength can be mentally modulated above the Tsirelson Bound – the upper limit predicted by quantum theory. Such an outcome would suggest that quantum theory in its present form does not hold when physical systems interact with certain mental states. The results of these exploratory experiments justify continued investigation of entangled photons as targets of mind-matter interaction.

scholarly journals Add-On Type Pulse Charger for Quick Charging Li-Ion Batteries

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bongwoo Kwak ◽  
Myungbok Kim ◽  
Jonghoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Pulse Charging ◽  
Pulse Charge ◽  
Battery Packs

In this paper, an add-on type pulse charger is proposed to shorten the charging time of a lithium ion battery. To evaluate the performance of the proposed pulse charge method, an add-on type pulse charger prototype is designed and implemented. Pulse charging is applied to 18650 cylindrical lithium ion battery packs with 10 series and 2 parallel structures. The proposed pulse charger is controlled by pulse duty, frequency and magnitude. Various experimental conditions are applied to optimize the charging parameters of the pulse charging technique. Battery charging data are analyzed according to the current magnitude and duty at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz frequency conditions. The proposed system is similar to the charging speed of the constant current method under new battery conditions. However, it was confirmed that as the battery performance is degraded, the charging speed due to pulse charging increases. Thus, in applications where battery charging/discharging occurs frequently, the proposed pulse charger has the advantage of fast charging in the long run over conventional constant current (CC) chargers.

scholarly journals Attentional bias during emotional processing: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence from an Emotional Flanker Task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249407
Author(s):  
Natalia Trujillo ◽  
Diana Gómez ◽  
Sandra Trujillo ◽  
José David López ◽  
Agustín Ibáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Flanker Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Emotional Scenes

Threatening stimuli seem to capture attention more swiftly than neutral stimuli. This attention bias has been observed under different experimental conditions and with different types of stimuli. It remains unclear whether this adaptive behaviour reflects the function of automatic or controlled attention mechanisms. Additionally, the spatiotemporal dynamics of its neural correlates are largely unknown. The present study investigates these issues using an Emotional Flanker Task synchronized with EEG recordings. A group of 32 healthy participants saw response-relevant images (emotional scenes from IAPS or line drawings of objects) flanked by response-irrelevant distracters (i.e., emotional scenes flanked by line drawings or vice versa). We assessed behavioural and ERP responses drawn from four task conditions (Threat-Central, Neutral-Central, Threat-Peripheral, and Neutral-Peripheral) and subjected these responses to repeated-measures ANOVA models. When presented as response-relevant targets, threatening images attracted faster and more accurate responses. They did not affect response accuracy to targets when presented as response-irrelevant flankers. However, response times were significantly slower when threatening images flanked objects than when neutral images were shown as flankers. This result replicated the well-known Emotional Flanker Effect. Behavioural responses to response-relevant threatening targets were accompanied by significant modulations of ERP activity across all time-windows and regions of interest and displayed some meaningful correlations. The Emotional Flanker Effect was accompanied by a modulation over parietal and central-parietal regions within a time-window between 550-690ms. Such a modulation suggests that the attentional disruption to targets caused by response-irrelevant threatening flankers appears to reflect less neural resources available, which are seemingly drawn away by distracting threatening flankers. The observed spatiotemporal dynamics seem to concur with understanding of the important adaptive role attributed to threat-related attention bias.

scholarly journals The influence of film music on moral judgments of movie scenes and felt emotions

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Steffens
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Film Music ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Emotion Induction ◽  
Film Clips ◽  
Film Reception

Music can modulate perceptions, actions, and judgments in everyday situations. The aim of this study was to investigate a potential influence of music on moral judgments in the context of film reception. In the course of an online experiment, 252 participants were assigned to three different experimental conditions (no, positive, or negative music). Participants were requested to assess actions shown in two 2–3-minute audio-visual film excerpts with regard to their perceived moral rightness and to report induced emotions after watching the film clips. Afterwards, they were asked to complete the MFQ-30 questionnaire measuring the foundations of their moral judgments. Results revealed that in one of four cases (i.e. happiness in film excerpt 1), music had a significant effect on recipients’ emotions and also indirectly influenced their moral judgment. In three of four cases, however, the intended emotion induction through film music did not succeed, and thus a significant indirect influence of music on moral judgment was not found. Furthermore, associations between moral foundations, perceived rightness of action, and induced emotions were observed. Future lab studies are indicated to investigate potential moderating influences of the experimental environment on emotion induction through film music.

scholarly journals Risk communication improvements for gambling: House-edge information and volatility statements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Warren Stirling Newall ◽  
Lukasz Walasek ◽  
Elliot Andrew Ludvig
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Edge Information ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Information Format

Objective: Some gambling product messages are designed to inform gamblers about the long-run cost of gambling, e.g., “this game has an average percentage payout of 90%.” This message is in the “return-to-player” format and is meant to convey that for every £100 bet about £90 will be paid out in prizes. Some previous research has found that restating this information in the “house-edge” format, e.g., “this game keeps 10% of all money bet on average”, is better understood by gamblers and reduces gamblers’ perceived chances of winning. Here we additionally test another potential risk communication improvement: a “volatility statement” highlighting that return-to-player and house-edge percentages are long-run statistical averages, which may not be experienced in any short period of gambling.Method: Gambling information format and volatility statement presence were manipulated in an online experiment involving 2,025 UK gamblers.Results: The house-edge format and the presence of volatility statements both additively reduced gamblers’ perceived chances of winning. In terms of gamblers’ understanding, house-edge messages were understood the best, but no consistent effect of volatility statements was observed.Conclusions: The return-to-player gambling messages in current widespread use can be improved by switching to the house-edge format and via the addition of a volatility statement.

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