The nature of the schwa/zero alternation in French clitics: experimental and non-experimental evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIE HÉLÈNE CÔTÉ ◽  
GEOFFREY STEWART MORRISON
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Lexical Status ◽  
Previous Claim ◽  
Absence Of Evidence

This article examines the phonological status of schwa in clitics, in particular whether or not schwa should be included in their lexical representation. Several distributional and experimental arguments pointing to the lexical status of clitic schwas are reviewed and are shown to be inconclusive, due to the existence of additional data that suggest a different interpretation not involving underlying schwas. The discussion includes experimental results that fail to show residual lip rounding in the vicinity of an omitted schwa at clitic boundaries, contra Barnes and Kavitskaya's (2002) previous claim. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the non-contrastive nature of clitic schwas militates against their underlying status.

scholarly journals Self-Governance in Generalized Exchange. A Laboratory Experiment on the Structural Embeddedness of Peer Punishment

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Georg Kanitsar
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Norm Enforcement ◽  
Structural Setting ◽  
Structural Embeddedness ◽  
Generalized Exchange

Peer punishment is widely lauded as a decentralized solution to the problem of social cooperation. However, experimental evidence of its effectiveness primarily stems from public good structures. This paper explores peer punishment in another structural setting: a system of generalized exchange. In a laboratory experiment, a repeated four-player prisoner’s dilemma is arranged either in a public good structure or in a circular network of generalized exchange. The experimental results demonstrate that the merits of peer punishment do not extend to generalized exchange. In the public good, peer punishment was primarily altruistic, was sensitive to costs, and promoted cooperation. In generalized exchange, peer punishment was also altruistic and relatively frequent, but did not increase cooperation. While the dense punishment network underlying the public good facilitates norm enforcement, generalized exchange decreases control over norm violators and reduces the capacity of peer punishment. I conclude that generalized exchange systems require stronger forms of punishment to sustain social cooperation.

scholarly journals Three doors anomaly, “should I stay, or should I go”: an artefactual field experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Morone ◽  
Rocco Caferra ◽  
Alessia Casamassima ◽  
Alessandro Cascavilla ◽  
Paola Tiranzoni
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Bayesian Updating ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Illusion Of Control ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis work aims to identify and quantify the biases behind the anomalous behavior of people when they deal with the Three Doors dilemma, which is a really simple but counterintuitive game. Carrying out an artefactual field experiment and proposing eight different treatments to isolate the anomalies, we provide new interesting experimental evidence on the reasons why subjects fail to take the optimal decision. According to the experimental results, we are able to quantify the size and the impact of three main biases that explain the anomalous behavior of participants: Bayesian updating, illusion of control and status quo bias.

Litigation Spending and Care under the English and American Rules: Experimental Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Massenot ◽  
Maria Maraki ◽  
Christian Thöni
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Settlement Rate ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Personal Cost

Abstract We investigate the effects of fee-shifting in an experimental litigation game. In our setup, a defendant may cause harm to a plaintiff. The defendant can take precautions to lower the probability of harm at a personal cost. In case of harm, the parties go to court, where the winner is determined by a rent-seeking contest. We compare two fee-shifting rules: under the American rule each party bears its own litigation costs; under the English rule the loser has to reimburse the winner’s expenses. We test the hypothesis that the English rule leads to higher litigation spending but also to higher care compared to the American rule. The experimental results largely support the predictions: fee-shifting leads to higher litigation spending, which motivates higher levels of care. When the parties are offered the possibility to settle their dispute out of court, fee-shifting leads to even higher litigation spending in court, but it neither affects the settlement rate nor care.

Convective Losses From Cavity Solar Receivers—Comparisons Between Analytical Predictions and Experimental Results

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Clausing
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Simple Analytical Model ◽  
Refined Model ◽  
Wall Area

Cavity solar receivers are generally believed to have higher thermal efficiencies than external receivers due to reduced losses. A simple analytical model was presented by the author which indicated that the ability to heat the air inside the cavity often controls the convective loss from cavity receivers. Thus, if the receiver contains a large amount of inactive hot wall area, it can experience a large convective loss. Excellent experimental data from a variety of cavity configurations and orientations have recently become available. These data provided a means of testing and refining the analytical model. In this manuscript, a brief description of the refined model is presented. Emphasis is placed on using available experimental evidence to substantiate the hypothesized mechanisms and assumptions. Detailed comparisons are given between analytical predictions and experimental results. Excellent agreement is obtained, and the important mechanisms are more clearly delineated.

Experimental evidence for the need of thermodynamic considerations in modelling of anaerobic environmental bioprocesses

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choon-Yee Hoh ◽  
Ralf Cord-Ruwisch
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

For modeling of biological processes that operate close to the dynamic equilibrium (eg. anaerobic processes), it is critical to prevent the prediction of positive reaction rates when the reaction has already reached dynamic equilibrium. Traditional Michaelis-Menten based models were found to violate the laws of thermodynamics as they predicted positive reaction rates for reactions that were endergonic due to high endproduct concentrations. The inclusion of empirical “product inhibition factors” as suggested by previous work could not prevent this problem. This paper compares the predictions of the Michaelis-Menten Model (with and without product inhibition factors) and the Equilibrium Based Model (which has a thermodynamic term introduced into its rate equation) with experimental results of reactions in anaerobic bacterial environments. In contrast to the Michaelis-Menten based models that used traditional inhibition factors, the Equilibrium Based Model correctly predicted the nature and the degree of inhibition due to endproduct accumulation. Moreover, this model also correctly predicted when reaction rates must be zero due to the free energy change of the conversion reaction being zero. With these added advantages, the Equilibrium Based Model thus seemed to provide a scientifically correct and more realistic basis for a variety of models that describe anaerobic biosystems.

The Random Element in Bird ‘Navigation’

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-560
Author(s):  
D. H. WILKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Random Element ◽  
Random Search ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Data Form ◽  
Coherent Picture

An analysis is presented of the results to be expected from experiments on the homing of wild birds if the only factor operating is random search. It is found that this model reproduces the experimental results and predicts values for the parameters involved in the theory which are inherently plausible and which are in quantitative accord with experimental evidence. Attention is paid to the dependence of percentage return on distance of release, to the dependence of the average speed of return on this distance, and to the distribution in time of the returns. These three sets of data form a coherent picture within the framework of the hypothesis of random search. Certain types of migration are also briefly considered. It is not suggested that this investigation proves that random search is indeed the mechanism by which the homing of wild birds is accomplished, but it is submitted that the large-scale experiments of the type considered here are not susceptible of the interpretation that a true navigational ability is involved.

scholarly journals Smoke and mirrors: reply to Fotheringham and Keeley

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian T. Baldwin ◽  
Catherine A. Preston ◽  
Bernd Krock
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Nicotiana Attenuata ◽  
Pyrolysis Products

In their rebuttal, Fotheringham and Keeley (2005) (F&K, hereafter) assert that misinterpretations of previous research, errors in the presentation of the chemistry of nitrogen oxides and devious presentation of experimental results led to the conclusion of Prestonet al.(2004). [These conclusions refute those of Keeley and Fotheringham's publication inScience(Keeley and Fotheringham, 1997).] We disagree and argue that the experimental evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the ecologically relevant germination signals for the two post-fire annuals,Emmenanthe pendulifloraandNicotiana attenuata, are the specific pyrolysis products of cellulose rather than chemical scarification by nitrogen oxides (Keeley and Fotheringham, 1997).

Dispersion of Pigments in Rubber—II

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst A. Grenquist
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Natural Resins ◽  
Theoretical Conception ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract A theoretical conception of the reënforcement of rubber by pigments has been developed. New experimental evidence has been presented which leads to a better understanding of the final dispersion and reënforcement of a rubber compound. It is shown that pigment reënforcement is influenced by (a) rubber structure, (b) the state of aggregation of proteins and natural resins, (c) the isotropic properties of carbonblack particles, and (d) the presence of recrystallized rhombic sulfur at the beginning of vulcanization. A PREVIOUS paper (10)* described the distribution of particles in compounded rubber with special reference to agglomeration and flocculation. It was emphasized that a correct understanding of the final dispersion and reënforcement of a rubber compound could only be obtained with a more thorough knowledge of the structure and physical-chemical properties of rubber and pigments themselves and of the nature of the vulcanization process. New experimental results in regard to these particular points are presented in the following investigation.

CLUSTERING IN A = 10 NUCLEI

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATKO MILIN
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Rotational Band ◽  
Moment Of Inertia ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Isobaric Analogue ◽  
Isobaric Analogue States ◽  
Large Moment

The experimental evidence for existence of cluster and molecular states in 10 Be , 10 B and 10 C is presented in details. For the most studied of the three, 10 Be , a rotational band have recently been firmly identified, with states having rather large moment of inertia. For the isobaric analogue states in 10 B first experimental results have been obtained and presented; some simple predictions for the 10 C nucleus are also given.

ROOM TEMPERATURE STABILIZATION OF RADIATION-PRODUCED FREE RADICALS IN BARBITURIC ACIDS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. R. Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Barbituric Acid ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Temperature Stabilization ◽  
Barbituric Acid Derivatives

Experimental evidence has shown that a boric acid glass may be used to stabilize at room temperature organic free radicals produced by radiation in a number of barbituric acid derivatives. The method and the experimental results are discussed.

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