Nymphaeaceae: a basal angiosperm family (ANITA grade) with a fully developed embryo

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Jerry M. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Basal Angiosperm ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
Basal Angiosperms ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
Embryo Length

AbstractRudimentary, broad and small linear embryos occur among members of the most primitive (basal) extant angiosperms, collectively called the ANITA grade (i.e.Amborella,NymphaealesandAustrobaileyales).Amborella(rudimentary) andAustrobaileyales(rudimentary inAustrobaileyaceae,IlliciaceaeandSchisandraceaeand small linear inTrimeniaceae) have kinds of embryos that are known to be underdeveloped; consequently, they must grow inside the seed prior to radicle emergence (germination). On the other hand, it is not known if broad embryos need to grow before radicles can emerge, and whether they are underdeveloped or fully developed. Thus, we addressed the question: ‘Is the broad embryo ofNymphaealesalso underdeveloped?’. Although the embryo length : seed length ratios inNymphaeaAlbert Greenburg,N.capensisvar.zanzibariensisandN.immutabiliswere 0.311, 0.349 and 0.234, respectively, embryos did not grow prior to radicle emergence. Thus, they are fully developed at seed maturity. IfAmborellaandNymphaealesare equally the most basal angiosperms, as some molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, then we must conclude that the broad and rudimentary embryos are equally primitive.

Seed dormancy in the early diverging eudicot Trochodendron aralioides (Trochodendraceae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Baskin ◽  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Ching-Te Chien ◽  
Shun-Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Embryo Length ◽  
Morphological Dormancy

The embryo length/seed length (E/S) ratio of the early diverging eudicot Trochodendron aralioides is 0.34. Embryos in fresh seeds were 0.36±0.01 mm long, and they increased in length by about 250% (in 20 d) before radicle emergence (germination) occurred, demonstrating that the embryo is underdeveloped at seed maturity. Seeds germinated to 95–100% at 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C in light in ≤4 weeks, without any pretreatment, but no seeds germinated in darkness. Thus, seeds of T. aralioides have morphological dormancy (MD), which is considered to be the primitive condition in seed plants, and MD probably has existed in the genus Trochodendron since its origin in the early Tertiary.

Morphology-based phylogeny of the suckermouth armored catfishes, with emphasis on the Neoplecostominae (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4264 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDSON H. L. PEREIRA ◽  
ROBERTO E. REIS
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
First Time

A phylogenetic study of the Loricariidae with emphasis on the Neoplecostominae is presented based on a maximum parsimony analysis of 268 phenotypic characters encompassing osteology, arthrology, and external morphology. Results support previous hypotheses of the monophyly of the Neoplecostominae and each of the included genera: Hirtella, Isbrueckerichthys, Kronichthys, Neoplecostomus, Pareiorhaphis, and Pareiorhina. In addition, previously undiscovered diversity was revealed within the subfamily as an additional genus-level taxon, herein described as Euryochus. Relationships among neoplecostomine genera are: (Kronichthys (Euryochus ((Hirtella + Pareiorhaphis) (Pareiorhina (Isbrueckerichthys + Neoplecostomus))))). Additional undescribed diversity was also detected among most neoplecostomine genera and the Hypoptopomatinae. In addition, recently discovered genera Nannoplecostomus and Microplecostomus were included in the analysis, and were identified as sequential sister-taxa to Neoplecostominae + Hypoptopomatinae, which are currently not included in any subfamily and regarded as incertae sedis in Loricariidae. The three species of Lithogenes were included in an encompassing phylogenetic analysis for the first time, and were identified as a monophyletic unit and sister group to all remaining loricariids. The other loricariid subfamilies were also corroborated as monophyletic, and presented the following interrelationships (Lithogeninae (Delturinae (Loricariinae (Hypostominae (Nannoplecostomus (Microplecostomus (Hypoptopomatinae + Neoplecostominae). The Neoplecostominae and its genera are phylogenetically diagnosed, and hypothesized relationships are compared to those of previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies.

scholarly journals The Phalangopsidae crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea) of the Seychelles Archipelago: Taxonomy of an ecological radiation

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5047 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-246
Author(s):  
SYLVAIN HUGEL ◽  
BEN H. WARREN ◽  
LAURE DESUTTER-GRANDCOLAS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Ecological Radiation ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

The Phalangopsidae crickets (Grylloidea) of the Seychelles are examined following extensive field sampling on several main islands of the archipelago (Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue). Despite the small area of these islands, six genera (12 species) are documented, including one new genus and five new species. The type species of the genus Seychellesia Bolivar, 1912 is transferred to the genus Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 as Paragryllodes nitidula (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. The other species described in Seychellesia are transferred to the genus Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., as Seselia longicercata (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. and Seselia patellifera (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Two new species are also described in the genus Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Seselia coccofessei Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. (type species of the genus) and Seselia matyoti Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. The genera Phaeogryllus Bolivar, 1912 and Phalangacris Bolivar, 1895 are redescribed, including Phalangacris ferlegro Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. and Phalangacris sotsote Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. that are new to science. The genus Gryllapterus Bolivar, 1912 is redescribed and transferred from the Landrevinae (Gryllidae) to the Cachoplistinae (Phalangopsidae). New tribes are defined for the genus Paragryllodes (Paragryllodini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe) on the one hand, and for Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Phalangacris, Phaeogryllus and Gryllapterus (Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe) on the other, using morphological characters and the results of molecular phylogenetic studies (Warren et al. 2019). Phaloria (Papuloria) insularis (Bolivar, 1912) (Phaloriinae) is redescribed and restricted to Mahé, and its calling song is documented for the first time, while Phaloria (Papuloria) bolivari Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. is newly described from Silhouette. Identification keys are proposed for the genera of Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe, and for the species of Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. and Phalangacris. The confusion between the Mogoplistidae Ornebius succineus Bolivar, 1912 and the Phalangopsidae Heterotrypus succineus Bolivar, 1910 is discussed, and the name Subtiloria succineus (Bolivar, 1912) considered a nomen nudum.  

scholarly journals Combining the small South American genus Androtrichum into Cyperus (Cyperaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-454
Author(s):  
Luciana Pereira-Silva ◽  
Rafael Trevisan ◽  
Ana Claudia Rodrigues ◽  
Isabel Larridon
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Complex Relationships

Background and aims – Molecular phylogenetic studies have provided a clearer understanding of the complex relationships within the family Cyperaceae. These studies have consistently shown that 12 allied genera are nested in the genus Cyperus. However, early Sanger sequencing-based phylogenies that included the two species of the small South American genus Androtrichum were inconclusive in placing this genus either as sister to Cyperus or as part of its early divergent lineages. A recent phylogenetic analysis however conclusively placed the two species of Androtrichum within the C3 Cyperus Grade. In this study, we investigate if the morphology and anatomy of Androtrichum species provide additional evidence for their placement in the genus Cyperus. In addition, we provide descriptions and distribution data for the species.Material and methods – Herbarium material from FLOR, FURB, GENT, ICN, and K has been studied. Samples of the culm and leaf were studied using histological methods. Taxonomic changes and typifications of names were performed according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Key results – The morphology and the non-Kranz anatomy observed in the Androtrichum species confirm their placement among the other C3  Cyperus species. Androtrichum is combined into Cyperus. For one species, a combination in Cyperus is already available: Cyperus trigynus. For the other species, a new name in Cyperus is published: Cyperus byssaceus. Two typifications are established and morphological descriptions and distribution data are provided. Conclusion – By integrating recent molecular phylogenetic data with additional evidence from morphology and anatomy, Androtrichum is combined into Cyperus. As a result of this taxonomic change, a single monophyletic genus Cyperus is now recognised in the Cyperus Clade of tribe Cypereae.

Seed dormancy in Campanulaceae: morphological and morphophysiological dormancy in six species of Hawaiian lobelioids

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Jerry M. Baskin ◽  
Alvin Yoshinaga ◽  
Dustin Wolkis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Embryo Length ◽  
Morphological Dormancy

We determined the requirements for dormancy break/germination and kind of dormancy in seeds of the Hawaiian lobelioids Cyanea kunthiana, Delissea rhytidoperma, Lobelia grayana, L. hypoleuca, Trematolobelia grandifolia, and T. singularis. Fresh seeds were incubated in light/dark at 15/6, 20/10, and 25/15 °C, and germination monitored at two-week intervals for 14 weeks. For each species, the mean embryo length (E): seed (S) length ratio was determined for freshly matured seeds and for seeds at the time the seed coat split but before radicle emergence (germination). The embryo in seeds of all six species incubated at 25/15 °C grew inside the seed prior to germination (42%–148% increase in E:S ratio, depending on species). Seeds of L. grayana and L. hypoleuca have morphological dormancy (MD); they germinated to 82%–98% at the three temperature regimes in 4 weeks. Seeds of the other species have nondeep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) and require >4 weeks for maximum germination to occur. Our results add to the growing body of knowledge about the kind (class) of seed dormancy in Campanulaceae, which suggests that seeds of members of this family have either MD or MPD and embryos grow at warm (≥15 °C) temperatures.

Comparative morphology of the male terminalia of the subtribe Rhinotorina (Diptera, Heleomyzidae, Rhinotorini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2736 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIA C. ALMEIDA ◽  
ROSALY ALE-ROCHA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Ventral Plate ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
As Species ◽  
Promising Source

The Rhinotorini (Diptera, Heleomyzidae) are currently divided into three subtribes, which were considered as monophyletic groups. Rhinotorina, the main focus of this study includes Rhinotora Schiner, Apophoneura Malloch, Neorhinotora Lopes, and Rhinotoroides Lopes. This study is aimed to provide a hypothesis of homology among the structures of the male terminalia of the four genera of Rhinotorina, as well as to reassess the diagnostic features proposed by D. McAlpine for the subtribe, and to furnish new information about the morphology of these structures, particularly of the hypopygium. Species of the four genera of Rhinotorina were studied, as well as species of other subtribes of Rhinotorini. The putative synapomorphies for the Rhinotorina stated by D. McAlpine are considered here to be consistent, being observed in the four genera included in the present study. The hypopygium in Rhinotorina, in contrast, is very variable, and the study of its structures has added only one diagnostic feature to Rhinotorina: the presence of a ventral plate on the hypandrium. The degree of variation is not equivalent among the structures of the hypopygium: the surstyli are the most variable structures in Neorhinotora, and are very useful to diagnose species, and the shape of the epandrium, bacilliform sclerites, cerci, phallus, ejaculatory apodeme, phallapodeme, and hypandrium are very conservative in this genus. In Rhinotora, on the other hand, whereas the cerci, surstyli, phallus, phallapodeme, and postgonites vary widely among the species, the shapes of the bacilliform sclerites and the ejaculatory apodeme are relatively constant. The comparisons made among the male terminalia of Rhinotorina suggest that this set of structures is a promising source of informative characters for future phylogenetic studies of Rhinotorini and Heleomyzidae.

Underdeveloped embryos in dwarf seeds and implications for assignment to dormancy class

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Jerry M. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Embryo Length ◽  
Morphological Dormancy

Studies were conducted to determine if small embryos (i.e. low embryo length:seed length ratio) in mature dwarf seeds (0.2–2 mm) are underdeveloped. In this case, they would grow (inside the seed) prior to germination, and seeds would have morphological or morphophysiological dormancy. Prior to radicle emergence, embryo length in seeds of Drosera anglica (Droseraceae), Campanula americana, Lobelia appendiculata, L. spicata (Campanulaceae) and Sabatia angularis (Gentianaceae) increased 0, 103, 182, 83 and 57%, respectively. Since embryo growth did not occur in seeds of D. anglica prior to germination, embryos, although small, are fully developed; seeds have only physiological dormancy. The underdeveloped embryo in seeds of C. americana has little or no physiological dormancy; thus, seeds have morphological dormancy. On the other hand, underdeveloped embryos in seeds of L. appendiculata, L. spicata and S. angularis are physiologically dormant, and seeds have morphophysiological dormancy. Therefore, since small embryos in dwarf seeds may or may not be underdeveloped, assignment of seeds to a dormancy class requires that studies be done to determine if embryos grow inside the seed before germination can occur. Such information is important in understanding the evolutionary relationship of the different kinds of seed dormancy.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of Dorstenia (Moraceae) reveals the polyphyletic nature of its neotropical sections

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Dias Machado Filho ◽  
Leandro Cardoso Pederneiras ◽  
Vitor Hugo Maia ◽  
Andrea Ferreira da Costa ◽  
Vidal de Freitas Mansano
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
African Species ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Main Clade ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Abstract Dorstenia, the second largest genus of Moraceae, comprises nine sections that are mainly found in Africa and America. Two of them are woody macrospermous, and the other seven are herbaceous microspermous. There are three sections in the Neotropics, all of which are herbaceous and taxonomically complex owing to their great morphological similarity. The most recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Dorstenia suggested that the neotropical sections are polyphyletic. These studies also showed that the neotropical species represent a sister group to an African woody macrospermous grade rather than African herbaceous microspermous plants. We have now expanded the number of taxa sampled and included other molecular markers to determine whether the previous phylogeny are to be corroborated or whether new taxonomic interpretations are to be followed. This study inferred the phylogeny of the group based on ITS, ETS, and trnL-F regions from 40 of the 58 neotropical species and added a new African taxon, thus including 17 of the 60 known species. Our results reaffirmed the polyphyletic nature of the neotropical sections. Dorstenia sect. Acauloma emerged within the main clade of D. sect. Kosaria (both African species), a result that confirms the affinity of these taxa already observed in previous morphological studies. We suggest Dorstenia sect. Dorstenia as the only neotropical section.

The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Italo Salvatore De Castro Pecci-Maddalena ◽  
Cristiano Lopes-Andrade ◽  
Paul Skelley
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Erotylidae (Cucujoidea) are currently divided into six subfamilies, which are regarded as monophyletic. However, there are doubts on the monophyly of lower ranked taxa within Erotylidae, including its most diverse tribe (Tritomini) and the highly diverse genus Mycotretus (Tritomini). The next steps in phylogenetic studies on these taxa rely on better sampling and on studies of unexplored character sets. Here, we conduct a comparative morphological study of the metendosternite and the penile flagellum within Erotylidae, with emphasis on Tritomini and Mycotretus, establishing a naming system for these structures. Representatives of 56 species belonging to all subfamilies of Erotylidae were analysed. A total of 17 genera and 45 species of Tritomini were selected, of which 21 species were Mycotretus. A total of 17 characters (eight of the metendosternite and nine of the penile flagellum) with potential phylogenetic value were recognized. Within Tritomini there is evidence of phylogenetic signal for the presence or absence of the metendosternal lamina at the generic level and above. On the other hand, the penile flagellum may be more informative for levels below the genus and morphological features of the flagellar ‘head’ seem to have phylogenetic signal for groups of potentially related species of Mycotretus.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

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