Cigarette smoking as a cause of delay in conception

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Zenzes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Adult Daughters ◽  
World War ◽  
Passive Smoker ◽  
Mother And Child

Epidemiological studies relating cigarette smoking to the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy provide information on the clinical significance of smoking on reproductive health. Cigarette smoking by females has significantly increased in the decades after World War II, and now has an average initiation at ages 18–20 years. Maternal smoking is a hazard to the general health, the reproductive health and the life of both mother and child. Gestational smoking renders the fetus a passive smoker. This can result in fetal and neonatal death and in reduced fecundity of adult daughters.

Cigarette smoking as a cause of delay in conception

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Zenzes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Adult Daughters ◽  
World War ◽  
Passive Smoker ◽  
Mother And Child

Epidemiological studies relating cigarette smoking to the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy provide information on the clinical significance of smoking on reproductive health. Cigarette smoking by females has significantly increased in the decades after World War II, and now has an average initiation at ages 18–20 years. Maternal smoking is a hazard to the general health, the reproductive health and the life of both mother and child. Gestational smoking renders the fetus a passive smoker. This can result in fetal and neonatal death and in reduced fecundity of adult daughters.

‘The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorders’revisited

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Dohrenwend
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
World War ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
First And Second Generation

SYNOPSISSince the turn of the century and up to about 1980, there have been two generations of epidemiological studies of the true prevalence of psychiatric disorders: a pre-World War II first generation and a post-World War II second generation. With the appearance of DSM-III in 1980 and the changes in epidemiological proceducres coincident with it, it has become meaningful in the US to talk about the beginnings of a new, third generation or studies in psychiatric epidemiology. The purposes of this paper are: first, to briefly summarize the problems of validity with the procedures for case identification and diagnosis in the first-and second-generation studies; second, to consider some of the newer developments with regard to diagnostic instruments that either are or should be influencing third-generation studies; third, to discuss some of the problems of validity in the handful of third-generation studies done so far; and fourth, to describe and illustrate an approach that seems to make sense in the context of gaps in knowledge of aetiology and pathogenesis that leave us still dependent on interviews for case identification and classification.

scholarly journals Casualties of the World War II metaphor: women’s reproductive health fighting for narrative inclusion in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. medhum-2021-012152
Author(s):  
Yuki Bailey ◽  
Megha Shankar ◽  
Patrick Phillips
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Women’S Reproductive Health ◽  
War Metaphor ◽  
Women's Reproductive Health ◽  
Specific Health

While the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, politicians and media outlets in the USA have compared the pandemic with World War II (WWII). Though women’s reproductive health has been affected by both COVID-19 and WWII, these specific health needs are not included in either event’s mainstream narrative. This article explores the pandemic’s war metaphor through the lens of women’s reproductive health, arguing for a reframing of the metaphor. Narrative-building determines how health needs are perceived and addressed. A modification of the WWII metaphor can ensure that the narrative formulating around COVID-19 is inclusive of the women’s reproductive health needs that are eminently present.

scholarly journals Pioneers in the anti-malaria battle in Greece (1900–1930)

Gesnerus ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-197
Author(s):  
Maria Mandyla ◽  
Costas Tsiamis ◽  
Alexandros Kousounis ◽  
Eleni Petridou
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
World War ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
Control And Eradication

The aim of the study is to present the efforts of the Greek physicians to introduce a malaria control and eradication program in Greece. It is based on the proceedings of the Greek Anti-Malaria League and on medicohistorical studies. Due to political, economic and military reasons the Greek State seemed weak to develop a dedicated plan to eradicate malaria. Hence, the Greek Anti-Malaria League in 1905 was founded by a group of eminent citizens who took the initiative to organize a campaign against the disease. Constantinos Savvas, Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology and President of the League, as well as the pediatrician Dr. Ioannis Kardamatis were among the most influential personalities in the Greek society at that time. Due to the massive use of quinine the burden of the disease decreased significantly. But, the national disaster of 1922, however, during the Greek-Turkish War and the wave of one million Greek refugees from Asia Minor to Greece modified the epidemiological map of malaria. The heritage of the epidemiological studies undertaken by the League was the basis for the new campaign undertaken during the 1930s by the Greek State and the Rockefeller Foundation. The new structure of the Sanitary Services, the legacy of the League’s experience and the knowledge of the Greek trainees of the Rockefeller Foundation, served as the starting-point for the final eradication of malaria after World War II.

scholarly journals History of epidemiological myopia research in Poland after World War II

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
D. A. Czepita ◽  
A. Kładna
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Medical University

So far, no article concerning the history of epidemiological studies on myopia in Poland after World War II has been published. Therefore, the aim of the work is to present the history of epidemiological studies on myopia in Poland after World War II. In order to obtain answers to the research questions, studies of source and archival materials were conducted. It turned out that the leading centers in Poland conducting research on myopia were the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin and the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice.

Do environmental estrogens contribute to the decline in male reproductive health?

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1896-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
T K Jensen ◽  
J Toppari ◽  
N Keiding ◽  
N E Skakkebaek
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
World War ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Common Etiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Reproductive Health

Abstract Several observations suggest that male reproductive health has been declining since World War II in many countries. The incidence of testicular cancer, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism has been increasing and semen quality has been decreasing, and these may have a common etiology. Treatment of several million pregnant women with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol led to an increase in these conditions among the sons of these women. These abnormalities probably arise during fetal development. The similarity between these effects and the adverse change in male reproductive development and function raised the question of whether the adverse changes are attributable to altered exposures to estrogenic and other endocrine-disrupting agents during fetal development. We speculate that alteration in exposure to estrogen in the past half-century may have caused the changes in male reproductive health.

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