Levels of Cadmium (Cd) in Urine in Passive Smokers

Smoking is a familiar activity in daily life. The existence of filters on cigarettes, causes the danger of cigarette smoke to be felt more by passive smokers. One of the content of cigarette smoke is cadmium (Cd) which is one of the environmental pollutants that are harmful and accumulate in the tissues of living things. The purpose of this study is to measure and describe the levels of Cadmium (Cd) in the urine of passive smokers in RT 03 RW 06 Gandekan Hamlet, Harjosari, Bawen District, Semarang Regency. Using observational (non-experimental) research design with descriptive research criteria. The number of samples of 12 urine from the community of RT 03 RW 06 Gandekan Hamlet, Harjosari, Bawen Subdistrict, Semarang Regency. The results of the examination of Cadmium Levels (Cd) on the 13 samples of passive smoker urine in gandekan RT 01 RW 06 Harjosari Subdistrict, Bawen Subdistrict, Semarang District received the highest level of 0.074 mg/L and the lowest result -0.005 mg/L. Differences in cadmium levels in the passive smoker urine were caused by several factors such as age, environment, health status, occupation, and consumption of antioxidants and milk. Cadmium (Cd) levels in the urine of all passive smokers were in the normal category (2mg/L).

Passive Smoking and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring among Bangladesh

Objective: Maternal active smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs), but the association between maternal passive smoking and risk of CHDs is inconclusive. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of passive smoking and the risk of development of CHD among Bangladeshi population. Methodology: It was a case control study, conducted from July 2018 to July 2019 in Paediatric Cardiology department of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital. Parents of the children with CHD visiting the out-patient department of Dhaka Shishu Hospital was considered as cases. Controls were taken from parents of the children who don’t have congenital heart disease. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information on maternal active and passive smoking. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Chi square test (ꭓ2), Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the associations between maternal passive smoking and all CHDs. Risk factors on bivariate analysis were introduced into a logistic regression model as independent factors and dependent variable was CHDs to find out the association between CHDs and maternal passive smoking. Results: Among case group no mother was active smoker, 51.9% were passive smoker and most of the cases source was husband, 19.6% took smokeless tobacco or green tobacco, 55.8% took tea and 5.8% took coffee during pregnancy period. On logistic regression analysis passive smoking (p=0.019) was independently associated with CHDs. Mother with passive smoking exposure had 1.5 times risk of developing CHDs compared to those who were not exposed. Conclusions: Passive smoking is significantly associated with CHDs.

HUBUNGAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH DENGAN STATUS KONTROL PASIEN ASMA DI RSUD KOTA MATARAM TAHUN 2019

Latar Belakang: Asma merupakan salah satu masalah utama baik di negara maju dan negera berkembang. Pada tahun 2017 angka kejadian asma di berbagai negara sekitar 1-18% dan diperkirakan sebanyak 300 juta penduduk di dunia menderita asma menurut Global Initiatif for Astma (GINA). Kejadian asma dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor diantaranya usia, jenis kelamin, perokok aktif maupun pasif, genetik, Indeks massa tubuh (IMT. Penurunan faal paru dapat diakibatkan IMT berlebih kurang sehingga meningkatkan terjadinya asma. Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) merupakan salah satu faktor pejamu penyebab asma yang dapat di modifikasi karena reversibel. Seseorang dengan IMT berlebih (over-weight-obesitas) maupun IMT kurang (underweight) cenderung memiliki perubahan pada sistem tubuh yang menimbulkan perburukan pada asma sehingga menjadi tidak terkontrol. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan indek massa tubuh dengan status kontrol pasien asma di RSUD Kota Mataram Tahun 2019. IMT bersifat Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan analitik observasional, dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien asma yang menjalani rawat jalan di RSUD Kota Mataram 2019. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 118 orang. Analisis data menggunakan rank spearman. Hasil: Hasil analisis menggunakan Rank Spearmen didapatkan nilai p-value 0,000 (p-value 0,05), yang berarti terdapat hubungan antara IMT dengan status kontrol pasien asma di RSUD Kota Mataram tahun 2019. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan status kontrol pasien asma di RSUD Kota Mataram tahun 2019.Kata Kunci: Indeks Massa Tubuh, Status Kontrol, Asma. ABSTRACTBackground: Asthma is one of the main problems in both developed and developing countries. In 2017 the prevalence of asthma incidence in various countries was around 1-18% and an estimated 300 million people in the world suffer from asthma according to the Global Initiatif for Astma (GINA). The asthma incidence influenced by many factors. These factors include age, sex, active and passive smoker, genetics, body mass index (BMI). Decreased lung function can be caused by excess BMI and low BMI which increases the asthma insidence. Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of the factors of host that caused asthma can be modified because they were reversible. A person with an over-weight-obesity and underweight BMI tends was have changes in the body's systems that worsen asthma so that becomes uncontrollable. Purpose: Knowing the correlation between body mass index and control status of asthma patients at RSUD Kota Mataram in 2019. Methods: This reseacrh was an observational analytic study, with a cross sectional design. The data source used in this study is secondary data from the medical records of asthma patients who was undergoing outpatient care at the Mataram City Hospital 2019. Data was collected from 118 samples. Data analysis used rank spearman. Results There is a correlation between Body Mass Index and the control status of asthma patients at Mataram City Hospital in 2019. Key Words: Asthma, body mass index, asthma control status.Key Words: body mass index, control status, asthma.

PERSEPSI MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS AL ASYARIAH MANDAR TERHADAP PESAN BAHAYA MEROKOK PADA KEMASAN ROKOK

This study aims to determine how the perception of Al-Asyariah Mandar University students towards the message of the dangers of smoking on cigarette packaging. The research used is descriptive qualitative to describe studying and understanding the attitudes, views, and behavior of individuals or groups. The results obtained are several active and passive smoker informants support the provision of warning images on cigarette packaging. But there are also those who think it's normal because they have never seen anything in person or confessions from people who have felt the bad effects like what happened in the picture on the cigarette package. Some informants saw that the warning pictures of the dangers of smoking gave them past experiences that could be a factor in forming their perceptions in the future.

KEJADIAN SARIAWAN PADA PEROKOK AKTIF DAN PASIF BERBASIS DATA IFLS 5 (Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis among Active and Passive Smoker from Indonesian Family Life Survey 5)

<p class="16bIsiAbstrak">Sariawan tercatat sebagai penyakit yang dikeluhkan seperlima populasi dunia. Dan beberapa studi mengungkapkan tidak adanya pengaruh antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kejadian sariawan. Namun penelitan sebelumnya memiliki jumlah sampel yang tidak besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan prevalensi dan distribusi sariawan dengan kebiasaan merokok pada perokok aktif dan pasif. Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan mempergunakan data <em>Indonesia Family Life Survey</em> (IFLS) 5 sebagai data induk untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dan kejadian sariawan. Prevalensi sariawan didapatkan dari keterangan lisan partisipan terhadap keluhan sariawan dalam sebulan terakhir. Kebiasaan merokok adalah kategori paparan rokok antara perokok aktif dan pasif. Distribusi paparan didasarkan atas usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, gejala depresi, riwayat hipertensi dan diabetes, dan jenis makanan yang dikonsumsi dalam sepekan terakhir. Peluang kejadian dari faktor pajanan dominan dihitung dengan analisis multivariat regresi logistik. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengungkapkan angka kejadian sariawan sebesar 17,89%. Dan hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kejadian sariawan. Peluang kejadian sariawan dari faktor resiko dominan, antara lain kebiasaan merokok, usia, gejala depresi, riwayat diabetes melitus, konsumsi mie instan, minuman berkarbonasi, makanan pedas dan gorengan sebesar 55,40%. Dari penelitian tersebut didapatkan kesimpulan terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kejadian sariawan dengan<em> pvalue&gt;0,0001.</em></p>

Are AAMA and GAMA Levels in Urine after Childbirth a Suitable Marker to Assess Exposure to Acrylamide from Passive Smoking during Pregnancy?—A Pilot Study

Introduction: Acrylamide (AA) is a “probably carcinogenic to humans” monomer that can form in heated starchy food and in tobacco smoke. N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), acrylamide metabolites in urine, are recognized as good markers of exposure to acrylamide. Aim: The aim of the study is a preliminary assessment whether the levels of AAMA and GAMA in urine after childbirth are good markers of acrylamide exposure due to passive smoking during pregnancy. Material and method: The study group consisted 67 non-smokers and 10 passive-smoker women during pregnancy. AAMA and GAMA levels in urine samples were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: The median AAMA levels in urine of non-smoking and passively smoking women were 30.7 μg/g creatinine and 25.2 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Much lower values were determined for GAMA: 11.4 μg/g creatinine and 10.3 μg/g creatinine, respectively. There is no significant difference between AAMA and GAMA content in urine samples between both groups of women as well as in the anthropometric parameters of newborns between those two groups of mothers. Conclusion: Our pilot study did not confirm that postpartum AAMA and GAMA concentrations in urine are good markers of exposure to acrylamide from passive smoking during pregnancy. It is probably due to the different ways of acrylamide absorption from tobacco smoke by active and passive smokers. Exposure of pregnant women to acrylamide from passive smoking requires further research.

Active cigarette smoking is associated with an exacerbation of genetic susceptibility to diabetes

The heritability levels of two traits for diabetes diagnosis, fasting serum glucose (FG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), were estimated to be 51% ~ 62%. Studies have shown that cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for diabetes. It is important to uncover whether smoking may modify the genetic risk of diabetes. This study included a discovery cohort (TWB1) of 25,460 and a replication cohort (TWB2) of 58,774 unrelated Taiwan Biobank subjects. Genetic risk score (GRS) of each TWB2 subject was calculated with weights retrieved from TWB1 analyses. We then assessed the significance of GRS-smoking interactions on FG/HbA1c/diabetes while adjusting for covariates. A total of 5 smoking measurements were investigated respectively, including “active smoking status”, “pack-years”, “years as a smoker”, “packs smoked per day”, and “hours as a passive smoker per week”. Except passive smoking, all smoking measurements were associated with FG/HbA1c/diabetes (<i>P</i> < 0.0033) and were associated with an exacerbation of the genetic risk of FG/HbA1c ( < 0.0033). For example, each 1 standard deviation increase in GRS is associated with a 1.68% higher FG in subjects consuming one more pack of cigarettes per day ( ). Smoking cessation is especially important for people who are more genetically predisposed to diabetes.