scholarly journals Cost-benefit break down: unplannable spaces in 1970s Glasgow

Urban History ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-330
Author(s):  
SARAH MASS
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTThis article examines a moment of uncertainty in early 1970s Glasgow motorway history: the planning of the East Flank of the Inner Ring Road and the potential removal of the Barrows Market. As sociological influences against wholesale urban clearance came into maturity in planning and community action, Glasgow planners carried out a feasibility study into the socio-economic costs of uprooting the commercial life of the Barrows. I suggest that reading this technocratic document for its cultural assumptions, ambiguities and tensions, rather than its engineering vision, opens up a different approach to the history of motorway planning.

scholarly journals A Cost-Benefit Analysis Using Contingent Valuation Techniques: A Feasibility Study in Spinal Surgery

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Haefeli ◽  
Achim Elfering ◽  
Emma McIntosh ◽  
Alastair Gray ◽  
Atul Sukthankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis

scholarly journals The landscape of fear conceptual framework: definition and review of current applications and misuses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonny S Bleicher
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Energetic State ◽  
The Cost

Landscapes of Fear (LOF), the spatially explicit distribution of perceived predation risk as seen by a population, is increasingly cited in ecological literature and has become a frequently used “buzz-word”. With the increase in popularity, it became necessary to clarify the definition for the term, suggest boundaries and propose a common framework for its use. The LOF, as a progeny of the “ecology of fear” conceptual framework, defines fear as the strategic manifest of the cost-benefit analysis of food and safety tradeoffs. In addition to direct predation risk, the LOF is affected by individuals’ energetic-state, inter- and intra-specific competition and is constrained by the evolutionary history of each species. Herein, based on current applications of the LOF conceptual framework, I suggest the future research in this framework will be directed towards: (1) finding applied management uses as a trait defining a population’s habitat-use and habitat-suitability; (2) studying multi-dimensional distribution of risk-assessment through time and space; (3) studying variability between individuals within a population; and (4) measuring eco-neurological implications of risk as a feature of environmental heterogeneity.

A Handbook for Wellbeing Policy-Making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Frijters ◽  
Christian Krekel
Keyword(s):  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
History Of

Around the world, governments are starting to directly measure the subjective wellbeing of their citizens and to use it for policy evaluation and appraisal. What would happen if a country were to move from using GDP to using subjective wellbeing as the primary metric for measuring economic and societal progress? Would policy priorities change? Would we continue to care about economic growth? What role would different government institutions play in such a scenario? And, most importantly, how could this be implemented in daily practice, for example in policy evaluations and appraisals of government analysts, or in political agenda-setting at the top level? This book provides answers to these questions from a conceptual to a technical level by showing how direct measures of subjective wellbeing can be used for policy evaluation and appraisal, either complementary in the short run or even entirely in the long run. It gives a brief history of the idea that governments should care about the happiness of their citizens, provides theories, makes suggestions for direct measurement, derives technical standards, shows how to conduct wellbeing cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and gives examples of how real-world policy evaluations and appraisals would change if they were based on subjective wellbeing. In doing so, the book serves the growing interest of governments as well as non-governmental and international organizations in how to put subjective wellbeing metrics into policy practice.

The Incidence and Nature of Adverse Reactions during Intravenous Acetylcysteine Therapy for Acetaminophen Overdose

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matitiahu Lifshitz ◽  
Perez Kornmehl ◽  
Haim Reuveni
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Oral Formulation ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Acetaminophen Overdose ◽  
History Of

Objective: To determine the incidence of adverse drug reactions in patients with acetaminophen overdose following administration of intravenous acetylcysteine, and to evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of intravenous compared with oral acetylcysteine therapy. Methods: The incidence of adverse drug reactions to intravenous acetylcysteine therapy was studied retrospectively in all patients with acetaminophen overdose who were admitted to Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel, from 1994 to 1998. Data were obtained from hospital records. All patients were treated with a 20-hour intravenous regimen according to the Prescott protocol. Special attention was paid to the clinical manifestations of adverse reactions, time of onset, and history of patient allergy and asthma. Cost of therapy (drug prices, hospital per diems) for intravenous versus oral acetylcysteine administration was evaluated in accordance with average rates prevailing in Israel in December 1998. Results: Ninety-two patients, 32 adolescents aged 12–18 years (mean ± SD 14.2 ± 1.9) and 60 adults aged 18–52 years (28.2 ± 3.2), were treated with intravenous acetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose during the study period. Three patients (3.2%) developed adverse reactions: one adult presented with a maculopapular rash and pruritus, and two adolescents developed mild urticaria; no other adverse reactions were reported. All adverse reactions occurred during administration of the loading dose, 15–20 minutes after initiation of therapy. The reactions subsided a few hours after the acetylcysteine infusion was stopped and did not require antiallergy therapy. None of the three patients had a history of allergy. The 20-hour intravenous acetylcysteine protocol is approximately three times less expensive than the recommended oral regimen in terms of drug cost and length of hospitalization. Conclusions: Intravenous acetylcysteine is a relatively safe antidote for acetaminophen poisoning. The incidence rate of adverse reactions is low, and they are mild and easily controlled by termination of the infusion. We recommend intravenous acetylcysteine therapy, particularly for patients with vomiting caused by the acetaminophen overdose or by oral acetylcysteine therapy. The 20-hour intravenous acetylcysteine therapy has a cost-benefit advantage over oral therapy; however, the oral formulation is not approved by the FDA.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factor for postoperative delirium following spinal surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Jie Zhang ◽  
Xue Hai Ma ◽  
Jin Biao Ye ◽  
Cong Zhi Liu ◽  
Zhi Yang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Postoperative Delirium ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Postoperative delirium is a common psychiatric disorder among patients who undergo spinal surgery. The purpose of current meta-analysis was to assess the potential risk factors related to delirium in spinal surgery. Methods We searched the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, from inception to July 2020. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the included studies using the previously described Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). We included spinal surgery patients who suffered with delirium or not. Stata 12.0 was used for meta-analysis. Results Thirteen trial studies that met our inclusion criteria were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Postoperative delirium was associated with an increase of the duration of hospital stay (P = 0.044) and increased perioperative readmission rate (P = 0.013) and economic costs (P = 0.002). This meta-analysis demonstrates that there were twenty-two risk factors: general characteristic: old age, female patients, history of surgery, diabetes mellitus, hypertension; preoperative data: low hematocrit, low hemoglobin, low albumin, low sodium, depression; operative data: operating time, total blood loss; postoperative data: low sodium, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, low albumin, fever, low potassium, blood sugar, and visual analog scale (VAS). Conclusions Delirium not only prolongs the length of hospital stay, but also increases readmission rate and the economic costs. Several risk factors including old age, female patients, history of surgery, diabetes mellitus, low hematocrit, low hemoglobin, low albumin, low sodium, depression; operative data: operating time, total blood loss, low sodium, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, low albumin, fever, low potassium, blood sugar, and VAS were significant predictors for postoperative delirium after spinal surgery.

A Concise Overview of Penology and Penal Practice in Slovenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorazd Meško ◽  
Chuck Fields ◽  
Tomaž Smole
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Inmate Population ◽  
Prison Overcrowding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Probation Service ◽  
Near Future

Although Slovenia has one of the lowest incarceration rates in the world, there are not enough facilities to house the current inmate population, and prison overcrowding is becoming a serious problem in the country. This article addresses this issue, beginning with an in-depth history of penology and penal practices in Slovenia and concluding with suggestions to deal with this potentially disastrous situation. If the imprisonment rate in Slovenia does not decrease in the near future, or if Slovenia cannot create more capacity, prison overcrowding will grow beyond acceptable standards. The present situation in Slovene prisons calls for a multidisciplinary research and cost/benefit analysis. The Slovenian prison administration is challenged by its budget and staff resources. However, it is argued that the problem goes beyond this capacity and requires a serious reconsideration of penal policy, criminal court practice, and parole committee practices as well. It is also necessary to emphasize that Slovenia is the only country in the European Union without a probation service system.

Measuring the Public Costs and Benefits of Brownfield versus Greenfield Development in the Greater Toronto Area

10.1068/b1283 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A De Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Brownfield Redevelopment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Public Costs ◽  
Shed Light

This paper summarizes the findings of a study comparing the environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits accruing to the public from redeveloping brownfields versus developing greenfields for both industrial and residential uses. With data taken from relevant projects in Toronto, Canada, four prototypical development scenarios were constructed for the purpose of a cost — benefit comparison. A quantitative model was then used to calculate the various public costs and benefits associated with the different scenarios. The findings shed light on the true costs and benefits involved in development and redevelopment projects, helping policymakers better assess the feasibility of brownfield redevelopment vis-à-vis greenfield development.

scholarly journals Cost-benefit analysis of psychological therapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Layard ◽  
D. Clark ◽  
M. Knapp ◽  
G. Mayraz
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Psychological Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Nice Guidelines ◽  
The Cost

At present six million people are suffering from clinical depression or anxiety disorders, but only a quarter of them are in treatment. NICE Guidelines prescribe the offer of evidence-based psychological therapy, but they are not implemented, due to lack of therapists within the NHS. We therefore estimate the economic costs and benefits of providing psychological therapy to people not now in treatment. The cost to the governement would be fully covered by the savings in incapacity benefits and extra taxes that result from more people being able to work. On our estimates, the cost could be recovered within two years - and certainly within five. And the benefits to the whole economy are greater still. This is not because we expect the extra therapy to be targeted especially at people with problems about work. It is because the cost of the therapy is so small (£750 in total), the recovery rates are so high (50 per cent) and the cost of a person on IB is so large (£750 per month). These findings strongly reinforce the humanitatian case for implementing the NICE Guidelines. Current proposals for doing this would require some 8,000 extra psychological therapists withing the NHS over the six years.

Outbreak of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection Among Thai Healthcare Workers

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anucha Apisarnthanarak ◽  
Rungrueng Kitphati ◽  
Pranee Tawatsupha ◽  
Kanokporn Thongphubeth ◽  
Piyaporn Apisarnthanarak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Program ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Serologic Test ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
History Of

Objective.To evaluate the correlation between self-report of a prior history of chickenpox and results of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immunoglobulin (Ig) G serologic test results in an outbreak of VZV infection among Thai healthcare workers (HCWs) and to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of establishing routine VZV immunization as part of an occupational health program on the basis of the outbreak data.Methods.All exposed patients received prophylaxis and the HCWs in our 3 intensive care units (ICUs) were prospectively evaluated. HCWs were assessed for disease history and serologic evidence of VZV IgG. A cost-benefit analysis was performed.Results.After 140 HCWs and 18 ICU patients were exposed to VZV, 10 HCWs (7%) with active VZV infection were relieved from work until skin lesions were crusted. Acyclovir (ACV) was prescribed to all 10 HCWs with active disease, and all 18 exposed patients received prophylaxis with ACV. Of 140 HCWs, 100 consented to longitudinal follow-up. Twenty-three (100%) of the HCWs who reported a history of chickenpox also had serologic test results that were postive for VZV IgG, compared with 30 (39%) of 77 HCWs who reported no prior history of chickenpox, yet had test results that were positive for VZV IgG. Reported history of chickenpox had a sensitivity of 43%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 61% with respect to VZV infection immunity. The total cost estimate for this outbreak investigation was $23,087.Conclusions.An HCWs reported history of chickenpox was a reliable predictor of immunity; a report of no prior history of chickenpox was unreliable. Our cost-benefit analysis suggests that the costs of an occupational health program that included VZV surveillance and immunization for the next 323 HCWs would be approximately equal to the excess costs of $17,227 for the ACV therapy, HCW furloughs, and staff overtime associated with this outbreak.

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